一. LinkedList概述
本节基于JDK1.8.0_60
- LinkedList是双向链表实现的List
- LinkedList是非线程安全的
- LinkedList元素允许为null，允许重复元素
- LinkedList是基于链表实现的，因此插入删除效率高，查找效率低（虽然有一个加速动作）
- LinkedList是基于链表实现的，因此不存在容量不足的问题，所以没有扩容的方法
- LinkedList还实现了栈和队列的操作方法，因此也可以作为栈、队列和双端队列来使用
- 源码解析：LinkedList源码
- 参考：图解集合2：LinkedList
二. LinkedList总结
2.1 LinkedList存储结构
// 元素个数
transient int size = 0;
/**
* 指向第一个节点的指针
* 不变性:
* 1. 如果first = null，则last=null
* 2. 如果first.prev == null，则first.item != null
*/
transient Node<E> first;
/**
* 指向最后一个节点的指针
* 不变性:
* 1. 如果first = null，则last = null
* 2. 如果last.next == null，则last.item != null
*/
transient Node<E> last;
private static class Node<E> {
E item;
Node<E> next; // 下一个Node的引用
Node<E> prev; // 上一个Node的引用
Node(Node<E> prev, E element, Node<E> next) {
this.item = element;
this.next = next;
this.prev = prev;
}
}
/**
* 创建一个空list
* */
public LinkedList() {
}
public LinkedList(Collection<? extends E> c) {
this();
addAll(c);
}Java的serialization提供了一种持久化对象实例的机制。用transient关键字标记的成员变量不参与序列化过程，非transient型的变量才会被序列化。
2.2 添加元素add
2.2.2 头插入
// 从头插入
public void addFirst(E e) {
linkFirst(e);
}
private void linkFirst(E e) {
final Node<E> f = first;
final Node<E> newNode = new Node<>(null, e, f);
first = newNode;
if (f == null) // 当前List中没有元素，size=0
last = newNode;
else
f.prev = newNode;
size++;
modCount++;
}
2.2.2 尾插入
public boolean add(E e) {
linkLast(e);
return true;
}
public void addLast(E e) {
linkLast(e);
}
void linkLast(E e) {
final Node<E> l = last;
final Node<E> newNode = new Node<>(l, e, null);
last = newNode;
if (l == null)// 当前List中没有元素，size=0
first = newNode;
else
l.next = newNode;
size++;
modCount++;
}
2.2.3 中间插入
public void add(int index, E element) {
// 检查位置索引index
checkPositionIndex(index);
if (index == size)// 尾插入
linkLast(element);
else // 中间插入
linkBefore(element, node(index));
}
Node<E> node(int index) {
if (index < (size >> 1)) {// index在前半部分
Node<E> x = first;
for (int i = 0; i < index; i++)
x = x.next;
return x;
} else {// index在后半部分
Node<E> x = last;
for (int i = size - 1; i > index; i--)
x = x.prev;
return x;
}
}
// 在节点succ插入e
void linkBefore(E e, Node<E> succ) {
final Node<E> pred = succ.prev;
final Node<E> newNode = new Node<>(pred, e, succ);
succ.prev = newNode;
if (pred == null)// 头插入
first = newNode;
else
pred.next = newNode;
size++;
modCount++;
}
2.3 删除元素Node
2.3.1 删除首字节
// 移除首节点，并返回该节点的元素值
public E remove() {
return removeFirst();
}
public E removeFirst() {
final Node<E> f = first;
if (f == null)
throw new NoSuchElementException();
return unlinkFirst(f);
}
// 删除首节点f
private E unlinkFirst(Node<E> f) {
final E element = f.item;
final Node<E> next = f.next;
f.item = null;
f.next = null; // help GC
first = next;
if (next == null) // size=1
last = null;
else
next.prev = null;
size--;
modCount++;
return element;
}
2.3.2 删除尾节点
public E removeLast() {
final Node<E> l = last;
if (l == null)
throw new NoSuchElementException();
return unlinkLast(l);
}
private E unlinkLast(Node<E> l) {
final E element = l.item;
final Node<E> prev = l.prev;
l.item = null;
l.prev = null; // help GC
last = prev;
if (prev == null) // size=1
first = null;
else
prev.next = null;
size--;
modCount++;
return element;
}
2.3.3 根据索引删除节点
public E remove(int index) {
checkElementIndex(index);// 检查索引index范围
return unlink(node(index));
}
E unlink(Node<E> x) {
final E element = x.item;
final Node<E> next = x.next;
final Node<E> prev = x.prev;
if (prev == null) {// x为首节点
first = next;
} else {
prev.next = next;
x.prev = null;
}
if (next == null) {// x为尾节点
last = prev;
} else {
next.prev = prev;
x.next = null;
}
x.item = null;
size--;
modCount++;
return element;
}
2.4 获取节点数据
2.4.1 获取首节点数据
// 获取首节点的数据
public E getFirst() {
final Node<E> f = first;
if (f == null)
throw new NoSuchElementException();
return f.item;
}2.4.2 获取尾节点数据
// 获取尾节点的数据
public E getLast() {
final Node<E> l = last;
if (l == null)
throw new NoSuchElementException();
return l.item;
}2.4.3 根据索引获取节点数据
// 获取索引对应节点的数据
public E get(int index) {
checkElementIndex(index);
return node(index).item;
}
// 类似折半查找
Node<E> node(int index) {
if (index < (size >> 1)) {// 从前半部分查找
Node<E> x = first;
for (int i = 0; i < index; i++)
x = x.next;
return x;
} else {// 从后半部分查找
Node<E> x = last;
for (int i = size - 1; i > index; i--)
x = x.prev;
return x;
}
}三. Fail-Fast机制
final void checkForComodification() {
if (modCount != expectedModCount)
throw new ConcurrentModificationException();
}LinkedList也采用了快速失败的机制，通过记录modCount参数来实现。在面对并发的修改时，迭代器很快就会完全失败，而不是冒着在将来某个不确定时间发生任意不确定行为的风险。
它是Java集合的一种错误检测机制。当多个线程对集合进行结构上的改变的操作时，有可能会产生fail-fast机制。记住是有可能，而不是一定。例如：假设存在两个线程（线程1、线程2），线程1通过Iterator在遍历集合A中的元素，在某个时候线程2修改了集合A的结构（是结构上面的修改，而不是简单的修改集合元素的内容），那么这个时候程序就会抛出 ConcurrentModificationException 异常，从而产生fail-fast机制。
四. LinkedList遍历比较
package java_src.util;
import java.util.Iterator;
import java.util.LinkedList;
import java.util.ListIterator;
import org.junit.Test;
import junit.framework.TestCase;
public class TestLinkedList extends TestCase {
@Test
public void testLinkedList () {
LinkedList<String> list = new LinkedList<>();
int len = 9000;
for (int i = 0; i < len; i++) {
list.add(String.valueOf(i));
}
System.out.println(len + "个数据: ");
long start = System.currentTimeMillis();
for (int size = list.size(), i = 0; i < size; i++) {
String sta = list.get(i);
}
System.out.println("for循环遍历耗时： " + (System.currentTimeMillis()-start) + "毫秒！");
// System.out.println("for循环遍历直接没反应！ ");
long second = System.currentTimeMillis();
Iterator<String> iterator = list.iterator();
while (iterator.hasNext()) {
String sec = iterator.next();
}
System.out.println("迭代器Iterator遍历耗时： " + (System.currentTimeMillis()-second) + "毫秒！");
long third = System.currentTimeMillis();
for (String i : list) {// 也是Iterator实现的
String thi = i;
}
System.out.println("foreach循环遍历耗时： " + (System.currentTimeMillis()-third) + "毫秒！");
long fourth = System.currentTimeMillis();
ListIterator<String> listIterator = list.listIterator();
while (listIterator.hasNext()) {
String fou = listIterator.next();
}
System.out.println("迭代器ListIterator循环遍历耗时： " + (System.currentTimeMillis()-fourth) + "毫秒！");
long firth = System.currentTimeMillis();
list.forEach(integer -> {
String fir = integer;
});
System.out.println("forEach循环遍历耗时： "+ (System.currentTimeMillis()-firth) + "毫秒！");
}
}运行结果（每次运行都有些差异）:
9000个数据:
for循环遍历耗时： 185毫秒！
迭代器Iterator遍历耗时： 4毫秒！
foreach循环遍历耗时： 7毫秒！
迭代器ListIterator循环遍历耗时： 1毫秒！
forEach循环遍历耗时： 261毫秒！
90000个数据:
for循环遍历耗时： 24245毫秒！
迭代器Iterator遍历耗时： 10毫秒！
foreach循环遍历耗时： 9毫秒！
迭代器ListIterator循环遍历耗时： 3毫秒！
forEach循环遍历耗时： 122毫秒！
900000个数据:
for循环遍历直接没反应！
迭代器Iterator遍历耗时： 26毫秒！
foreach循环遍历耗时： 63毫秒！
迭代器ListIterator循环遍历耗时： 114毫秒！
forEach循环遍历耗时： 295毫秒！
9000000个数据:
for循环遍历直接没反应！
迭代器Iterator遍历耗时： 309毫秒！
foreach循环遍历耗时： 263毫秒！
迭代器ListIterator循环遍历耗时： 294毫秒！
forEach循环遍历耗时： 496毫秒！
五. LinkedList与ArrayList比较
- 顺序插入速度ArrayList会比较快，因为ArrayList是基于数组实现的，数组是事先new好的，只要往指定位置塞一个数据就好了
- LinkedList则不同，每次顺序插入的时候LinkedList将new一个对象出来，如果对象比较大，那么new的时间势必会长一点，再加上一些引用赋值的操作，所以顺序插入LinkedList必然慢于ArrayList
- ArrayList的遍历效率会比LinkedList的遍历效率高一些
- LinkedList做插入、删除的时候，慢在寻址，快在只需要改变前后Node的引用地址
- ArrayList做插入、删除的时候，慢在数组元素的批量copy，快在寻址
- 如果确定插入、删除的元素是在前半段，那么就使用LinkedList
- 如果确定插入、删除的元素在比较靠后的位置，那么可以考虑使用ArrayList
- 如果不能确定插入、删除是在哪儿呢？建议使用LinkedList，
- 一来LinkedList整体插入、删除的执行效率比较稳定，没有ArrayList这种越往后越快的情况
- 二来插入元素的时候，弄得不好ArrayList就要进行一次扩容，而ArrayList底层数组扩容是一个既消耗时间又消耗空间的操作
六. LinkedList源码
基于JDK1.8
package java.util;
import java.util.AbstractSequentialList;
import java.util.Collection;
import java.util.ConcurrentModificationException;
import java.util.Deque;
import java.util.Iterator;
import java.util.List;
import java.util.ListIterator;
import java.util.NoSuchElementException;
import java.util.Objects;
public class LinkedList<E> extends AbstractSequentialList<E> implements List<E>, Deque<E>, Cloneable, java.io.Serializable {
transient int size = 0;
transient Node<E> first;
transient Node<E> last;
/**
* 创建一个空list
* */
public LinkedList() {
}
public LinkedList(Collection<? extends E> c) {
this();
addAll(c);
}
private static class Node<E> {
E item;
Node<E> next;
Node<E> prev;
Node(Node<E> prev, E element, Node<E> next) {
this.item = element;
this.next = next;
this.prev = prev;
}
}
public void addFirst(E e) {
linkFirst(e);
}
private void linkFirst(E e) {
final Node<E> f = first;
final Node<E> newNode = new Node<>(null, e, f);
first = newNode;
if (f == null)
last = newNode;
else
f.prev = newNode;
size++;
modCount++;
}
public boolean add(E e) {
linkLast(e);
return true;
}
public void addLast(E e) {
linkLast(e);
}
void linkLast(E e) {
final Node<E> l = last;
final Node<E> newNode = new Node<>(l, e, null);
last = newNode;
if (l == null)
first = newNode;
else
l.next = newNode;
size++;
modCount++;
}
public void add(int index, E element) {
checkPositionIndex(index);
if (index == size)
linkLast(element);
else
linkBefore(element, node(index));
}
void linkBefore(E e, Node<E> succ) {
// assert succ != null;
final Node<E> pred = succ.prev;
final Node<E> newNode = new Node<>(pred, e, succ);
succ.prev = newNode;
if (pred == null)
first = newNode;
else
pred.next = newNode;
size++;
modCount++;
}
public boolean addAll(Collection<? extends E> c) {
return addAll(size, c);
}
public boolean addAll(int index, Collection<? extends E> c) {
checkPositionIndex(index);
Object[] a = c.toArray();
int numNew = a.length;
if (numNew == 0)
return false;
Node<E> pred, succ;
if (index == size) {
succ = null;
pred = last;
} else {
succ = node(index);
pred = succ.prev;
}
for (Object o : a) {
@SuppressWarnings("unchecked") E e = (E) o;
Node<E> newNode = new Node<>(pred, e, null);
if (pred == null)
first = newNode;
else
pred.next = newNode;
pred = newNode;
}
if (succ == null) {
last = pred;
} else {
pred.next = succ;
succ.prev = pred;
}
size += numNew;
modCount++;
return true;
}
public E remove() {
return removeFirst();
}
public E removeFirst() {
final Node<E> f = first;
if (f == null)
throw new NoSuchElementException();
return unlinkFirst(f);
}
private E unlinkFirst(Node<E> f) {
// assert f == first && f != null;
final E element = f.item;
final Node<E> next = f.next;
f.item = null;
f.next = null; // help GC
first = next;
if (next == null)
last = null;
else
next.prev = null;
size--;
modCount++;
return element;
}
public E removeLast() {
final Node<E> l = last;
if (l == null)
throw new NoSuchElementException();
return unlinkLast(l);
}
private E unlinkLast(Node<E> l) {
// assert l == last && l != null;
final E element = l.item;
final Node<E> prev = l.prev;
l.item = null;
l.prev = null; // help GC
last = prev;
if (prev == null)
first = null;
else
prev.next = null;
size--;
modCount++;
return element;
}
public boolean remove(Object o) {
if (o == null) {
for (Node<E> x = first; x != null; x = x.next) {
if (x.item == null) {
unlink(x);
return true;
}
}
} else {
for (Node<E> x = first; x != null; x = x.next) {
if (o.equals(x.item)) {
unlink(x);
return true;
}
}
}
return false;
}
public E remove(int index) {
checkElementIndex(index);
return unlink(node(index));
}
E unlink(Node<E> x) {
// assert x != null;
final E element = x.item;
final Node<E> next = x.next;
final Node<E> prev = x.prev;
if (prev == null) {
first = next;
} else {
prev.next = next;
x.prev = null;
}
if (next == null) {
last = prev;
} else {
next.prev = prev;
x.next = null;
}
x.item = null;
size--;
modCount++;
return element;
}
public boolean contains(Object o) {
return indexOf(o) != -1;
}
public int indexOf(Object o) {
int index = 0;
if (o == null) {
for (Node<E> x = first; x != null; x = x.next) {
if (x.item == null)
return index;
index++;
}
} else {
for (Node<E> x = first; x != null; x = x.next) {
if (o.equals(x.item))
return index;
index++;
}
}
return -1;
}
public void clear() {
for (Node<E> x = first; x != null; ) {
Node<E> next = x.next;
x.item = null;
x.next = null;
x.prev = null;
x = next;
}
first = last = null;
size = 0;
modCount++;
}
public E getFirst() {
final Node<E> f = first;
if (f == null)
throw new NoSuchElementException();
return f.item;
}
public E getLast() {
final Node<E> l = last;
if (l == null)
throw new NoSuchElementException();
return l.item;
}
public int size() {
return size;
}
public E get(int index) {
checkElementIndex(index);
return node(index).item;
}
public E set(int index, E element) {
checkElementIndex(index);
Node<E> x = node(index);
E oldVal = x.item;
x.item = element;
return oldVal;
}
private boolean isElementIndex(int index) {
return index >= 0 && index < size;
}
private boolean isPositionIndex(int index) {
return index >= 0 && index <= size;
}
private String outOfBoundsMsg(int index) {
return "Index: "+index+", Size: "+size;
}
private void checkElementIndex(int index) {
if (!isElementIndex(index))
throw new IndexOutOfBoundsException(outOfBoundsMsg(index));
}
private void checkPositionIndex(int index) {
if (!isPositionIndex(index))
throw new IndexOutOfBoundsException(outOfBoundsMsg(index));
}
Node<E> node(int index) {
if (index < (size >> 1)) {
Node<E> x = first;
for (int i = 0; i < index; i++)
x = x.next;
return x;
} else {
Node<E> x = last;
for (int i = size - 1; i > index; i--)
x = x.prev;
return x;
}
}
public int lastIndexOf(Object o) {
int index = size;
if (o == null) {
for (Node<E> x = last; x != null; x = x.prev) {
index--;
if (x.item == null)
return index;
}
} else {
for (Node<E> x = last; x != null; x = x.prev) {
index--;
if (o.equals(x.item))
return index;
}
}
return -1;
}
public E peek() {
final Node<E> f = first;
return (f == null) ? null : f.item;
}
public E element() {
return getFirst();
}
public E poll() {
final Node<E> f = first;
return (f == null) ? null : unlinkFirst(f);
}
public boolean offer(E e) {
return add(e);
}
public boolean offerFirst(E e) {
addFirst(e);
return true;
}
public boolean offerLast(E e) {
addLast(e);
return true;
}
public E peekFirst() {
final Node<E> f = first;
return (f == null) ? null : f.item;
}
public E peekLast() {
final Node<E> l = last;
return (l == null) ? null : l.item;
}
public E pollFirst() {
final Node<E> f = first;
return (f == null) ? null : unlinkFirst(f);
}
public E pollLast() {
final Node<E> l = last;
return (l == null) ? null : unlinkLast(l);
}
public void push(E e) {
addFirst(e);
}
public E pop() {
return removeFirst();
}
public boolean removeFirstOccurrence(Object o) {
return remove(o);
}
public boolean removeLastOccurrence(Object o) {
if (o == null) {
for (Node<E> x = last; x != null; x = x.prev) {
if (x.item == null) {
unlink(x);
return true;
}
}
} else {
for (Node<E> x = last; x != null; x = x.prev) {
if (o.equals(x.item)) {
unlink(x);
return true;
}
}
}
return false;
}
public ListIterator<E> listIterator(int index) {
checkPositionIndex(index);
return new ListItr(index);
}
private class ListItr implements ListIterator<E> {
private Node<E> lastReturned;
private Node<E> next;
private int nextIndex;
private int expectedModCount = modCount;
ListItr(int index) {
// assert isPositionIndex(index);
next = (index == size) ? null : node(index);
nextIndex = index;
}
public boolean hasNext() {
return nextIndex < size;
}
public E next() {
checkForComodification();
if (!hasNext())
throw new NoSuchElementException();
lastReturned = next;
next = next.next;
nextIndex++;
return lastReturned.item;
}
public boolean hasPrevious() {
return nextIndex > 0;
}
public E previous() {
checkForComodification();
if (!hasPrevious())
throw new NoSuchElementException();
lastReturned = next = (next == null) ? last : next.prev;
nextIndex--;
return lastReturned.item;
}
public int nextIndex() {
return nextIndex;
}
public int previousIndex() {
return nextIndex - 1;
}
public void remove() {
checkForComodification();
if (lastReturned == null)
throw new IllegalStateException();
Node<E> lastNext = lastReturned.next;
unlink(lastReturned);
if (next == lastReturned)
next = lastNext;
else
nextIndex--;
lastReturned = null;
expectedModCount++;
}
public void set(E e) {
if (lastReturned == null)
throw new IllegalStateException();
checkForComodification();
lastReturned.item = e;
}
public void add(E e) {
checkForComodification();
lastReturned = null;
if (next == null)
linkLast(e);
else
linkBefore(e, next);
nextIndex++;
expectedModCount++;
}
public void forEachRemaining(Consumer<? super E> action) {
Objects.requireNonNull(action);
while (modCount == expectedModCount && nextIndex < size) {
action.accept(next.item);
lastReturned = next;
next = next.next;
nextIndex++;
}
checkForComodification();
}
final void checkForComodification() {
if (modCount != expectedModCount)
throw new ConcurrentModificationException();
}
}
public Iterator<E> descendingIterator() {
return new DescendingIterator();
}
private class DescendingIterator implements Iterator<E> {
private final ListItr itr = new ListItr(size());
public boolean hasNext() {
return itr.hasPrevious();
}
public E next() {
return itr.previous();
}
public void remove() {
itr.remove();
}
}
@SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
private LinkedList<E> superClone() {
try {
return (LinkedList<E>) super.clone();
} catch (CloneNotSupportedException e) {
throw new InternalError(e);
}
}
public Object clone() {
LinkedList<E> clone = superClone();
// Put clone into "virgin" state
clone.first = clone.last = null;
clone.size = 0;
clone.modCount = 0;
// Initialize clone with our elements
for (Node<E> x = first; x != null; x = x.next)
clone.add(x.item);
return clone;
}
private static final long serialVersionUID = 876323262645176354L;
@Override
public Spliterator<E> spliterator() {
return new LLSpliterator<E>(this, -1, 0);
}
/** A customized variant of Spliterators.IteratorSpliterator */
static final class LLSpliterator<E> implements Spliterator<E> {
static final int BATCH_UNIT = 1 << 10; // batch array size increment
static final int MAX_BATCH = 1 << 25; // max batch array size;
final LinkedList<E> list; // null OK unless traversed
Node<E> current; // current node; null until initialized
int est; // size estimate; -1 until first needed
int expectedModCount; // initialized when est set
int batch; // batch size for splits
LLSpliterator(LinkedList<E> list, int est, int expectedModCount) {
this.list = list;
this.est = est;
this.expectedModCount = expectedModCount;
}
final int getEst() {
int s; // force initialization
final LinkedList<E> lst;
if ((s = est) < 0) {
if ((lst = list) == null)
s = est = 0;
else {
expectedModCount = lst.modCount;
current = lst.first;
s = est = lst.size;
}
}
return s;
}
public long estimateSize() { return (long) getEst(); }
public Spliterator<E> trySplit() {
Node<E> p;
int s = getEst();
if (s > 1 && (p = current) != null) {
int n = batch + BATCH_UNIT;
if (n > s)
n = s;
if (n > MAX_BATCH)
n = MAX_BATCH;
Object[] a = new Object[n];
int j = 0;
do { a[j++] = p.item; } while ((p = p.next) != null && j < n);
current = p;
batch = j;
est = s - j;
return Spliterators.spliterator(a, 0, j, Spliterator.ORDERED);
}
return null;
}
public void forEachRemaining(Consumer<? super E> action) {
Node<E> p; int n;
if (action == null) throw new NullPointerException();
if ((n = getEst()) > 0 && (p = current) != null) {
current = null;
est = 0;
do {
E e = p.item;
p = p.next;
action.accept(e);
} while (p != null && --n > 0);
}
if (list.modCount != expectedModCount)
throw new ConcurrentModificationException();
}
public boolean tryAdvance(Consumer<? super E> action) {
Node<E> p;
if (action == null) throw new NullPointerException();
if (getEst() > 0 && (p = current) != null) {
--est;
E e = p.item;
current = p.next;
action.accept(e);
if (list.modCount != expectedModCount)
throw new ConcurrentModificationException();
return true;
}
return false;
}
public int characteristics() {
return Spliterator.ORDERED | Spliterator.SIZED | Spliterator.SUBSIZED;
}
}
private void writeObject(java.io.ObjectOutputStream s)
throws java.io.IOException {
// Write out any hidden serialization magic
s.defaultWriteObject();
// Write out size
s.writeInt(size);
// Write out all elements in the proper order.
for (Node<E> x = first; x != null; x = x.next)
s.writeObject(x.item);
}
@SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
private void readObject(java.io.ObjectInputStream s)
throws java.io.IOException, ClassNotFoundException {
// Read in any hidden serialization magic
s.defaultReadObject();
// Read in size
int size = s.readInt();
// Read in all elements in the proper order.
for (int i = 0; i < size; i++)
linkLast((E)s.readObject());
}
public Object[] toArray() {
Object[] result = new Object[size];
int i = 0;
for (Node<E> x = first; x != null; x = x.next)
result[i++] = x.item;
return result;
}
@SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
public <T> T[] toArray(T[] a) {
if (a.length < size)
a = (T[])java.lang.reflect.Array.newInstance(
a.getClass().getComponentType(), size);
int i = 0;
Object[] result = a;
for (Node<E> x = first; x != null; x = x.next)
result[i++] = x.item;
if (a.length > size)
a[size] = null;
return a;
}
}
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