linux 操作系统下date 命令介绍和使用案例

linux 操作系统下date 命令介绍和使用案例

在 Linux 操作系统中，date 命令是一个用于显示和设置系统日期和时间的基本工具。它不仅可以显示当前的日期和时间，还允许用户以不同的格式输出日期，并进行日期计算

1. date 命令简介

date 命令用于显示当前系统的日期和时间，格式灵活，支持多种输出格式。用户还可以通过该命令设置系统的日期和时间。

基本语法

bash
date [OPTION]... [+FORMAT]

• OPTION：可选参数，用于指定操作。
• FORMAT：输出格式，使用特定的格式符号。

2. 常用选项

• -d, --date=STRING：显示指定日期的字符串，不改变系统时间。
• -s, --set=STRING：设置系统的日期和时间。
• -u, --utc, --universal：以协调世界时 (UTC) 显示时间。
• +FORMAT：指定输出格式。

命令选项：

root@meng:~# date

Wed Sep 11 09:17:59 CST 2024

root@meng:~# which date

/usr/bin/date

root@meng:~# date --help

Usage: date [OPTION]... [+FORMAT]

or: date [-u|--utc|--universal] [MMDDhhmm[[CC]YY][.ss]]

Display the current time in the given FORMAT, or set the system date.

Mandatory arguments to long options are mandatory for short options too.

-d, --date=STRING display time described by STRING, not 'now'

--debug annotate the parsed date,

and warn about questionable usage to stderr

-f, --file=DATEFILE like --date; once for each line of DATEFILE

-I[FMT], --iso-8601[=FMT] output date/time in ISO 8601 format.

FMT='date' for date only (the default),

'hours', 'minutes', 'seconds', or 'ns'

for date and time to the indicated precision.

Example: 2006-08-14T02:34:56-06:00

-R, --rfc-email output date and time in RFC 5322 format.

Example: Mon, 14 Aug 2006 02:34:56 -0600

--rfc-3339=FMT output date/time in RFC 3339 format.

FMT='date', 'seconds', or 'ns'

for date and time to the indicated precision.

Example: 2006-08-14 02:34:56-06:00

-r, --reference=FILE display the last modification time of FILE

-s, --set=STRING set time described by STRING

-u, --utc, --universal print or set Coordinated Universal Time (UTC)

--help display this help and exit

--version output version information and exit

FORMAT controls the output. Interpreted sequences are:

%% a literal %

%a locale's abbreviated weekday name (e.g., Sun)

%A locale's full weekday name (e.g., Sunday)

%b locale's abbreviated month name (e.g., Jan)

%B locale's full month name (e.g., January)

%c locale's date and time (e.g., Thu Mar 3 23:05:25 2005)

%C century; like %Y, except omit last two digits (e.g., 20)

%d day of month (e.g., 01)

%D date; same as %m/%d/%y

%e day of month, space padded; same as %_d

%F full date; like %+4Y-%m-%d

%g last two digits of year of ISO week number (see %G)

%G year of ISO week number (see %V); normally useful only with %V

%h same as %b

%H hour (00..23)

%I hour (01..12)

%j day of year (001..366)

%k hour, space padded ( 0..23); same as %_H

%l hour, space padded ( 1..12); same as %_I

%m month (01..12)

%M minute (00..59)

%n a newline

%N nanoseconds (000000000..999999999)

%p locale's equivalent of either AM or PM; blank if not known

%P like %p, but lower case

%q quarter of year (1..4)

%r locale's 12-hour clock time (e.g., 11:11:04 PM)

%R 24-hour hour and minute; same as %H:%M

%s seconds since 1970-01-01 00:00:00 UTC

%S second (00..60)

%t a tab

%T time; same as %H:%M:%S

%u day of week (1..7); 1 is Monday

%U week number of year, with Sunday as first day of week (00..53)

%V ISO week number, with Monday as first day of week (01..53)

%w day of week (0..6); 0 is Sunday

%W week number of year, with Monday as first day of week (00..53)

%x locale's date representation (e.g., 12/31/99)

%X locale's time representation (e.g., 23:13:48)

%y last two digits of year (00..99)

%Y year

%z +hhmm numeric time zone (e.g., -0400)

%:z +hh:mm numeric time zone (e.g., -04:00)

%::z +hh:mm:ss numeric time zone (e.g., -04:00:00)

%:::z numeric time zone with : to necessary precision (e.g., -04, +05:30)

%Z alphabetic time zone abbreviation (e.g., EDT)

By default, date pads numeric fields with zeroes.

The following optional flags may follow '%':

- (hyphen) do not pad the field

_ (underscore) pad with spaces

0 (zero) pad with zeros

+ pad with zeros, and put '+' before future years with >4 digits

^ use upper case if possible

# use opposite case if possible

After any flags comes an optional field width, as a decimal number;

then an optional modifier, which is either

E to use the locale's alternate representations if available, or

O to use the locale's alternate numeric symbols if available.

Examples:

Convert seconds since the epoch (1970-01-01 UTC) to a date

$ date --date='@2147483647'

Show the time on the west coast of the US (use tzselect(1) to find TZ)

$ TZ='America/Los_Angeles' date

Show the local time for 9AM next Friday on the west coast of the US

$ date --date='TZ="America/Los_Angeles" 09:00 next Fri'

GNU coreutils online help: <https://www.gnu.org/software/coreutils/>

Report any translation bugs to <https://translationproject.org/team/>

Full documentation <https://www.gnu.org/software/coreutils/date>

or available locally via: info '(coreutils) date invocation'

root@meng:~#

命令案例：

常用格式符

格式符	描述
%Y	完整年份（例如 2022）
%m	月份（01-12）
%d	日期（01-31）
%H	小时（00-23）
%M	分钟（00-59）
%S	秒（00-59）
%A	星期几的全名（例如 Friday）
%a	星期几的缩写（例如 Fri）

root@meng:~# date

Wed Sep 11 09:18:53 CST 2024

root@meng:~# date +"%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S"

2024-09-11 09:18:55

root@meng:~# date -d "2 days ago"

Mon Sep 9 09:19:18 CST 2024

root@meng:~# date -d @1638097600

Sun Nov 28 19:06:40 CST 2021

root@meng:~# date +"%A"

Wednesday

root@meng:~# date date -d "2024-09-11 09:20:10" +%s

date: extra operand ‘+%s’

Try 'date --help' for more information.

root@meng:~# date -d "2024-09-11 09:20:10" +%s

1726017610

root@meng:~#