ElasticSearch 全文搜索之基础语法API

全文实例基于Elasticsearch7.x

这篇博客介绍ElasticSearch全文搜索的基础语法, 后续的复合搜索(bool)和过滤(filter)都是基于这些基础语法的.

全文搜索在搜索时, 会对输入的搜索文本进行分词, 然后去倒排索引中进行匹配, 只要能匹配上任意一个关键词(词项), 就可以作为结果返回.

Rest API

添加全文搜索实例数据

POST /blogs/_bulk
{"index": {}}
{"post_date": "2020-01-01", "title": "Quick brown rabbits", "content": "Brown rabbits are commonly seen.", "author_id": 11401}
{"index": {}}
{"post_date": "2020-01-02", "title": "Keeping pets healthy", "content": "My quick brown fox eats rabbits on a regular basis.", "author_id": 11402}
{"index": {}}
{"post_date": "2020-01-03", "title": "My dog barks", "content": "I see a lot of barking dogs on the road.", "author_id": 11403}

match_all

搜索索引的全部文档.

GET /blogs/_search
{
  "query": {
    "match_all": {}
  }
}

match

match匹配有三种语法.

(1) or

GET /blogs/_search
{
  "query": {
    "match": {
      "content": "brown rabbits"
    }
  }
}

或者

GET /blogs/_search
{
  "query": {
    "match": {
      "content": {
        "query": "brown rabbits",
        "operator": "or"
      }
    }
  }
}

分词后的关键词各自去匹配文档, 只要有一个关键词配置上就返回.

(2) and

GET /blogs/_search
{
  "query": {
    "match": {
      "content": {
        "query": "brown rabbits",
        "operator": "and"
      }
    }
  }
}

要求分词后的关键词在同一个文档中.(不需要是连在一起的短语)

(3) minimun_should_match

GET /blogs/_search
{
  "query": {
    "match": {
      "content": {
        "query": "Quick brown rabbits",
        "minimum_should_match": 2
      }
    }
  }
}

分词后的关键词至少有n个在同一个文档中.

match_phrase

短语搜索默认情况下要求关键词必须相邻, 也可以通过slop控制关键词间隔的单词数.

(1) 默认

GET /blogs/_search
{
  "query": {
    "match_phrase": {
      "title": "Quick brown"
    }
  }
}

默认情况下slop等于0.

(2) 手动设置slop

GET /blogs/_search
{
  "query": {
    "match_phrase": {
      "title": {
        "query": "Quick rabbits",
        "slop": 1
      }
    }
  }
}

dis_max与tie_breaker

前面的实例都是在一个字段上进行搜索, 但在实际场景中很多都是在多个字段上进行搜索, 那我们如何在这种情况下找到最佳匹配的结果呢?

• dis_max取单个字段上匹配分数最高的分数作为整体评分.
• tie_breaker在dis_max基础上, 将其他字段的匹配分数与tie_breaker系数相乘, 然后再加上dis_max获取的分数.

(1) dis_max

GET /blogs/_search
{
  "query": {
    "dis_max": {
      "queries": [
        {
          "match": {
            "title": "brown fox"
          }
        },
        {
          "match": {
            "content": "brown fox"
          }
        }
      ]
    }
  }
}

(2) dis_max与tie_breaker

GET /blogs/_search
{
  "query": {
    "dis_max": {
      "tie_breaker": 0.7, 
      "queries": [
        {
          "match": {
            "title": "brown fox"
          }
        },
        {
          "match": {
            "content": "brown fox"
          }
        }
      ]
    }
  }
}

multi_match

在多个字段中匹配搜索文本除了可以使用dis_max与tie_breaker之外, 还可以使用multi_match. 这里涉及到几种匹配策略:

• best-fields
  文档的某个字段匹配尽可能多的关键词, 那么这个文档会优先返回.
• most-fields
  某个关键词匹配文档尽可能多的属性, 那么这个文档会优先返回.
• cross_fields
  跨越多个字段搜索一个关键词.

举例说明: doc1的field1匹配的三个关键词, doc2的field1, field2都匹配上了同一个关键词. 如果是best-fields策略, 则doc1的相关度分数要更高, 如果是most-fields策略, 则doc2的相关度分数要更高.

(1) best-fields

GET /blogs/_search
{
  "query": {
    "multi_match": {
      "query": "Quick pets",
      "type": "best_fields", 
      "fields": ["title", "content"]
    }
  }
}

(2) most_fields

GET /blogs/_se