Gorm CRUD数据操作

最新推荐文章于 2024-05-04 16:09:05 发布

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最新推荐文章于 2024-05-04 16:09:05 发布

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分类专栏： go数据操作文章标签： jvm java spring

本文链接：https://blog.csdn.net/liu289747235/article/details/136028077

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1.创建

1.1创建记录

user := User{Name: "Jinzhu", Age: 18, Birthday: time.Now()}

result := db.Create(&user) // 通过数据的指针来创建

user.ID             // 返回插入数据的主键
result.Error        // 返回 error
result.RowsAffected // 返回插入记录的条数

使用 Create() 创建多项记录：

users := []*User{
    User{Name: "Jinzhu", Age: 18, Birthday: time.Now()},
    User{Name: "Jackson", Age: 19, Birthday: time.Now()},
}

result := db.Create(users) // 传递切片以插入多行数据

result.Error        // 返回 error
result.RowsAffected // 返回插入记录的条数

1.2用指定的字段创建记录

创建记录并为指定字段赋值。

db.Select("Name", "Age", "CreatedAt").Create(&user)
// INSERT INTO `users` (`name`,`age`,`created_at`) VALUES ("jinzhu", 18, "2020-07-04 11:05:21.775")

创建记录并忽略传递给 ‘Omit’ 的字段值

db.Omit("Name", "Age", "CreatedAt").Create(&user)
// INSERT INTO `users` (`birthday`,`updated_at`) VALUES ("2020-01-01 00:00:00.000", "2020-07-04 11:05:21.775")

1.3批量插入

要高效地插入大量记录，请将切片传递给Create方法。 GORM 将生成一条 SQL 来插入所有数据，以返回所有主键值，并触发 Hook 方法，当记录可以分成多个批时，它将开始一个事务。

var users = []User{{Name: "jinzhu1"}, {Name: "jinzhu2"}, {Name: "jinzhu3"}}
db.Create(&users)

for _, user := range users {
  user.ID // 1,2,3
}

通过CreateInBatches批量创建：

var users = []User{{Name: "jinzhu_1"}, ...., {Name: "jinzhu_10000"}}

// batch size 100
db.CreateInBatches(users, 100)

批量插入也支持 Upsert 和 Create With Associations

db, err := gorm.Open(sqlite.Open("gorm.db"), &gorm.Config{
  CreateBatchSize: 1000,
})

db := db.Session(&gorm.Session{CreateBatchSize: 1000})

users = [5000]User{{Name: "jinzhu", Pets: []Pet{pet1, pet2, pet3}}...}

db.Create(&users)
// INSERT INTO users xxx (5 batches)
// INSERT INTO pets xxx (15 batches)

1.4创建钩子

GORM允许用户定义钩子来实现前保存，前创建，后保存，后创建。

func (u *User) BeforeCreate(tx *gorm.DB) (err error) {
  u.UUID = uuid.New()

    if u.Role == "admin" {
        return errors.New("invalid role")
    }
    return
}

可以使用SkipHooks会话模式跳过Hooks，例如:

DB.Session(&gorm.Session{SkipHooks: true}).Create(&user)

DB.Session(&gorm.Session{SkipHooks: true}).Create(&users)

DB.Session(&gorm.Session{SkipHooks: true}).CreateInBatches(users, 100)

1.5根据 Map 创建

GORM 支持通过map[string]interface{}和 []map[string]interface{}{}创建方式

db.Model(&User{}).Create(map[string]interface{}{
  "Name": "jinzhu", "Age": 18,
})

// batch insert from `[]map[string]interface{}{}`
db.Model(&User{}).Create([]map[string]interface{}{
  {"Name": "jinzhu_1", "Age": 18},
  {"Name": "jinzhu_2", "Age": 20},
})

1.6高级选项

关联创建

当创建一些具有关联的数据时，如果它的关联值不是零值，那么这些关联将被替换，并且它的Hooks方法将被调用。

type CreditCard struct {
  gorm.Model
  Number   string
  UserID   uint
}

type User struct {
  gorm.Model
  Name       string
  CreditCard CreditCard
}

db.Create(&User{
  Name: "jinzhu",
  CreditCard: CreditCard{Number: "411111111111"}
})
// INSERT INTO `users` ...
// INSERT INTO `credit_cards` ...

你可以使用Select, Omit跳过保存关联，例如:

db.Omit("CreditCard").Create(&user)
// skip all associations
db.Omit(clause.Associations).Create(&user)

默认值

您可以为带有default标签的字段定义默认值，例如:

type User struct {
  ID   int64
  Name string `gorm:"default:galeone"`
  Age  int64  `gorm:"default:18"`
}

然后在向数据库中插入zero-value时将使用默认值

type User struct {
  gorm.Model
  Name string
  Age  *int           `gorm:"default:18"`
  Active sql.NullBool `gorm:"default:true"`
}

注意:你必须为数据库中具有默认值或虚拟值/生成值的字段设置默认标记，如果你想在迁移时跳过默认值定义，你可以使用default:(-)，例如:

type User struct {
  ID        string `gorm:"default:uuid_generate_v3()"` // db func
  FirstName string
  LastName  string
  Age       uint8
  FullName  string `gorm:"->;type:GENERATED ALWAYS AS (concat(firstname,' ',lastname));default:(-);"`
}

2.查询

2.1检索单个对象

GORM 提供了 First、Take、Last 方法，以便从数据库中检索单个对象。当查询数据库时它添加了 LIMIT 1 条件，且没有找到记录时，它会返回 ErrRecordNotFound 错误

// 获取第一条记录（主键升序）
db.First(&user)
// SELECT * FROM users ORDER BY id LIMIT 1;

// 获取一条记录，没有指定排序字段
db.Take(&user)
// SELECT * FROM users LIMIT 1;

// 获取最后一条记录（主键降序）
db.Last(&user)
// SELECT * FROM users ORDER BY id DESC LIMIT 1;

result := db.First(&user)
result.RowsAffected // 返回找到的记录数
result.Error        // returns error or nil

// 检查 ErrRecordNotFound 错误
errors.Is(result.Error, gorm.ErrRecordNotFound)

First and Last 方法会按主键排序找到第一条记录和最后一条记录 (分别)。只有在目标 struct 是指针或者通过 db.Model() 指定 model 时，该方法才有效。此外，如果相关 model 没有定义主键，那么将按 model 的第一个字段进行排序。

2.2根据主键检索

如果主键是数字类型，您可以使用内联条件来检索对象。当使用字符串时，需要额外的注意来避免SQL注入；查看 Security 部分来了解详情。

db.First(&user, 10)
// SELECT * FROM users WHERE id = 10;

db.First(&user, "10")
// SELECT * FROM users WHERE id = 10;

db.Find(&users, []int{1,2,3})
// SELECT * FROM users WHERE id IN (1,2,3);

如果主键是字符串(例如像uuid)，查询将被写成如下：

db.First(&user, "id = ?", "1b74413f-f3b8-409f-ac47-e8c062e3472a")
// SELECT * FROM users WHERE id = "1b74413f-f3b8-409f-ac47-e8c062e3472a";

当目标对象有一个主键值时，将使用主键构建查询条件，例如：

var user = User{ID: 10}
db.First(&user)
// SELECT * FROM users WHERE id = 10;

var result User
db.Model(User{ID: 10}).First(&result)
// SELECT * FROM users WHERE id = 10;

如果对象设置了主键，条件查询将不会覆盖主键的值，而是用 And 连接条件，这个查询将会给出record not found错误。例如：

var user = User{ID: 10}
db.Where("id = ?", 20).First(&user)
// SELECT * FROM users WHERE id = 10 and id = 20 ORDER BY id ASC LIMIT 1

存在gorm.DeletedAt标记字段

type User struct {
  ID           string `gorm:"primarykey;size:16"`
  Name         string `gorm:"size:24"`
  DeletedAt    gorm.DeletedAt `gorm:"index"`
}

var user = User{ID: 15}
db.First(&user)
//  SELECT * FROM `users` WHERE `users`.`id` = '15' AND `users`.`deleted_at` IS NULL ORDER BY `users`.`id` LIMIT 1

2.2检索全部对象

// Get all records
result := db.Find(&users)
// SELECT * FROM users;

result.RowsAffected // returns found records count, equals `len(users)`
result.Error        // returns error

2.3条件

String 条件

// Get first matched record
db.Where("name = ?", "jinzhu").First(&user)
// SELECT * FROM users WHERE name = 'jinzhu' ORDER BY id LIMIT 1;

// Get all matched records
db.Where("name <> ?", "jinzhu").Find(&users)
// SELECT * FROM users WHERE name <> 'jinzhu';

// IN
db.Where("name IN ?", []string{"jinzhu", "jinzhu 2"}).Find(&users)
// SELECT * FROM users WHERE name IN ('jinzhu','jinzhu 2');

// LIKE
db.Where("name LIKE ?", "%jin%").Find(&users)
// SELECT * FROM users WHERE name LIKE '%jin%';

// AND
db.Where("name = ? AND age >= ?", "jinzhu", "22").Find(&users)
// SELECT * FROM users WHERE name = 'jinzhu' AND age >= 22;

// Time
db.Where("updated_at > ?", lastWeek).Find(&users)
// SELECT * FROM users WHERE updated_at > '2000-01-01 00:00:00';

// BETWEEN
db.Where("created_at BETWEEN ? AND ?", lastWeek, today).Find(&users)
// SELECT * FROM users WHERE created_at BETWEEN '2000-01-01 00:00:00' AND '2000-01-08 00:00:00';

Struct & Map 条件

// Struct
db.Where(&User{Name: "jinzhu", Age: 20}).First(&user)
// SELECT * FROM users WHERE name = "jinzhu" AND age = 20 ORDER BY id LIMIT 1;

// Map
db.Where(map[string]interface{}{"name": "jinzhu", "age": 20}).Find(&users)
// SELECT * FROM users WHERE name = "jinzhu" AND age = 20;

// Slice of primary keys
db.Where([]int64{20, 21, 22}).Find(&users)
// SELECT * FROM users WHERE id IN (20, 21, 22);

指定结构体查询字段

db.Where(&User{Name: "jinzhu"}, "name", "Age").Find(&users)
// SELECT * FROM users WHERE name = "jinzhu" AND age = 0;

db.Where(&User{Name: "jinzhu"}, "Age").Find(&users)
// SELECT * FROM users WHERE age = 0;

内联条件

查询条件可以以类似于Where的方式内联到First和Find等方法中。

// Get by primary key if it were a non-integer type
db.First(&user, "id = ?", "string_primary_key")
// SELECT * FROM users WHERE id = 'string_primary_key';

// Plain SQL
db.Find(&user, "name = ?", "jinzhu")
// SELECT * FROM users WHERE name = "jinzhu";

db.Find(&users, "name <> ? AND age > ?", "jinzhu", 20)
// SELECT * FROM users WHERE name <> "jinzhu" AND age > 20;

// Struct
db.Find(&users, User{Age: 20})
// SELECT * FROM users WHERE age = 20;

// Map
db.Find(&users, map[string]interface{}{"age": 20})
// SELECT * FROM users WHERE age = 20;

Not 条件

db.Not("name = ?", "jinzhu").First(&user)
// SELECT * FROM users WHERE NOT name = "jinzhu" ORDER BY id LIMIT 1;

// Not In
db.Not(map[string]interface{}{"name": []string{"jinzhu", "jinzhu 2"}}).Find(&users)
// SELECT * FROM users WHERE name NOT IN ("jinzhu", "jinzhu 2");

// Struct
db.Not(User{Name: "jinzhu", Age: 18}).First(&user)
// SELECT * FROM users WHERE name <> "jinzhu" AND age <> 18 ORDER BY id LIMIT 1;

// Not In slice of primary keys
db.Not([]int64{1,2,3}).First(&user)
// SELECT * FROM users WHERE id NOT IN (1,2,3) ORDER BY id LIMIT 1;

Or 条件

db.Where("role = ?", "admin").Or("role = ?", "super_admin").Find(&users)
// SELECT * FROM users WHERE role = 'admin' OR role = 'super_admin';

// Struct
db.Where("name = 'jinzhu'").Or(User{Name: "jinzhu 2", Age: 18}).Find(&users)
// SELECT * FROM users WHERE name = 'jinzhu' OR (name = 'jinzhu 2' AND age = 18);

// Map
db.Where("name = 'jinzhu'").Or(map[string]interface{}{"name": "jinzhu 2", "age": 18}).Find(&users)
// SELECT * FROM users WHERE name = 'jinzhu' OR (name = 'jinzhu 2' AND age = 18);

2.4选择特定字段

db.Select("name", "age").Find(&users)
// SELECT name, age FROM users;

db.Select([]string{"name", "age"}).Find(&users)
// SELECT name, age FROM users;

db.Table("users").Select("COALESCE(age,?)", 42).Rows()
// SELECT COALESCE(age,'42') FROM users;

2.5排序

db.Order("age desc, name").Find(&users)
// SELECT * FROM users ORDER BY age desc, name;

// Multiple orders
db.Order("age desc").Order("name").Find(&users)
// SELECT * FROM users ORDER BY age desc, name;

db.Clauses(clause.OrderBy{
  Expression: clause.Expr{SQL: "FIELD(id,?)", Vars: []interface{}{[]int{1, 2, 3}}, WithoutParentheses: true},
}).Find(&User{})
// SELECT * FROM users ORDER BY FIELD(id,1,2,3)

2.6Limit & Offset

db.Limit(3).Find(&users)
// SELECT * FROM users LIMIT 3;

// Cancel limit condition with -1
db.Limit(10).Find(&users1).Limit(-1).Find(&users2)
// SELECT * FROM users LIMIT 10; (users1)
// SELECT * FROM users; (users2)

db.Offset(3).Find(&users)
// SELECT * FROM users OFFSET 3;

db.Limit(10).Offset(5).Find(&users)
// SELECT * FROM users OFFSET 5 LIMIT 10;

// Cancel offset condition with -1
db.Offset(10).Find(&users1).Offset(-1).Find(&users2)
// SELECT * FROM users OFFSET 10; (users1)
// SELECT * FROM users; (users2)

2.7Group By & Having

type result struct {
  Date  time.Time
  Total int
}

db.Model(&User{}).Select("name, sum(age) as total").Where("name LIKE ?", "group%").Group("name").First(&result)
// SELECT name, sum(age) as total FROM `users` WHERE name LIKE "group%" GROUP BY `name` LIMIT 1


db.Model(&User{}).Select("name, sum(age) as total").Group("name").Having("name = ?", "group").Find(&result)
// SELECT name, sum(age) as total FROM `users` GROUP BY `name` HAVING name = "group"

rows, err := db.Table("orders").Select("date(created_at) as date, sum(amount) as total").Group("date(created_at)").Rows()
defer rows.Close()
for rows.Next() {
  ...
}

rows, err := db.Table("orders").Select("date(created_at) as date, sum(amount) as total").Group("date(created_at)").Having("sum(amount) > ?", 100).Rows()
defer rows.Close()
for rows.Next() {
  ...
}

type Result struct {
  Date  time.Time
  Total int64
}
db.Table("orders").Select("date(created_at) as date, sum(amount) as total").Group("date(created_at)").Having("sum(amount) > ?", 100).Scan(&results)

2.8Distinct

db.Distinct("name", "age").Order("name, age desc").Find(&results)

2.9Joins

type result struct {
  Name  string
  Email string
}

db.Model(&User{}).Select("users.name, emails.email").Joins("left join emails on emails.user_id = users.id").Scan(&result{})
// SELECT users.name, emails.email FROM `users` left join emails on emails.user_id = users.id

rows, err := db.Table("users").Select("users.name, emails.email").Joins("left join emails on emails.user_id = users.id").Rows()
for rows.Next() {
  ...
}

db.Table("users").Select("users.name, emails.email").Joins("left join emails on emails.user_id = users.id").Scan(&results)

// multiple joins with parameter
db.Joins("JOIN emails ON emails.user_id = users.id AND emails.email = ?", "jinzhu@example.org").Joins("JOIN credit_cards ON credit_cards.user_id = users.id").Where("credit_cards.number = ?", "411111111111").Find(&user)

Joins 预加载

db.Joins("Company").Find(&users)
// SELECT `users`.`id`,`users`.`name`,`users`.`age`,`Company`.`id` AS `Company__id`,`Company`.`name` AS `Company__name` FROM `users` LEFT JOIN `companies` AS `Company` ON `users`.`company_id` = `Company`.`id`;

// inner join
db.InnerJoins("Company").Find(&users)
// SELECT `users`.`id`,`users`.`name`,`users`.`age`,`Company`.`id` AS `Company__id`,`Company`.`name` AS `Company__name` FROM `users` INNER JOIN `companies` AS `Company` ON `users`.`company_id` = `Company`.`id`;

有条件地连接

db.Joins("Company", db.Where(&Company{Alive: true})).Find(&users)
// SELECT `users`.`id`,`users`.`name`,`users`.`age`,`Company`.`id` AS `Company__id`,`Company`.`name` AS `Company__name` FROM `users` LEFT JOIN `companies` AS `Company` ON `users`.`company_id` = `Company`.`id` AND `Company`.`alive` = true;

Joins 一个衍生表

还可以使用join连接派生表。

type User struct {
    Id  int
    Age int
}

type Order struct {
    UserId     int
    FinishedAt *time.Time
}

query := db.Table("order").Select("MAX(order.finished_at) as latest").Joins("left join user user on order.user_id = user.id").Where("user.age > ?", 18).Group("order.user_id")
db.Model(&Order{}).Joins("join (?) q on order.finished_at = q.latest", query).Scan(&results)
// SELECT `order`.`user_id`,`order`.`finished_at` FROM `order` join (SELECT MAX(order.finished_at) as latest FROM `order` left join user user on order.user_id = user.id WHERE user.age > 18 GROUP BY `order`.`user_id`) q on order.finished_at = q.latest

2.10Scan

将结果扫描到结构体中的工作方式类似于我们使用Find的方式

type Result struct {
  Name string
  Age  int
}

var result Result
db.Table("users").Select("name", "age").Where("name = ?", "Antonio").Scan(&result)

// Raw SQL
db.Raw("SELECT name, age FROM users WHERE name = ?", "Antonio").Scan(&result)

3.更新

3.1 保存所有字段

Save 会保存所有的字段，即使字段是零值

db.First(&user)

user.Name = "jinzhu 2"
user.Age = 100
db.Save(&user)
// UPDATE users SET name='jinzhu 2', age=100, birthday='2016-01-01', updated_at = '2013-11-17 21:34:10' WHERE id=111;

保存 是一个组合函数。如果保存值不包含主键，它将执行 Create，否则它将执行 Update (包含所有字段)。

db.Save(&User{Name: "jinzhu", Age: 100})
// INSERT INTO `users` (`name`,`age`,`birthday`,`update_at`) VALUES ("jinzhu",100,"0000-00-00 00:00:00","0000-00-00 00:00:00")

db.Save(&User{ID: 1, Name: "jinzhu", Age: 100})
// UPDATE `users` SET `name`="jinzhu",`age`=100,`birthday`="0000-00-00 00:00:00",`update_at`="0000-00-00 00:00:00" WHERE `id` = 1

3.2 指定更新列

Updates 方法支持 struct 和 map[string]interface{} 参数，可以通过Where指定条件。当使用 struct 更新时，默认情况下GORM 只会更新非零值的字段，map会更新所有包含属性

// 根据 `struct` 更新属性，只会更新非零值的字段
db.Model(&user).Updates(User{Name: "hello", Age: 18, Active: false})
// UPDATE users SET name='hello', age=18, updated_at = '2013-11-17 21:34:10' WHERE id = 111;

// 根据 `map` 更新属性
db.Model(&user).Updates(map[string]interface{}{"name": "hello", "age": 18, "active": false})
// UPDATE users SET name='hello', age=18, active=false, updated_at='2013-11-17 21:34:10' WHERE id=111;

3.3 更新选定字段

如果您想要在更新时选择、忽略某些字段，您可以使用 Select、Omit

// 选择 Map 的字段
// User 的 ID 是 `111`:
db.Model(&user).Select("name").Updates(map[string]interface{}{"name": "hello", "age": 18, "active": false})
// UPDATE users SET name='hello' WHERE id=111;

db.Model(&user).Omit("name").Updates(map[string]interface{}{"name": "hello", "age": 18, "active": false})
// UPDATE users SET age=18, active=false, updated_at='2013-11-17 21:34:10' WHERE id=111;

// 选择 Struct 的字段（会选中零值的字段）
db.Model(&user).Select("Name", "Age").Updates(User{Name: "new_name", Age: 0})
// UPDATE users SET name='new_name', age=0 WHERE id=111;

// 选择所有字段（选择包括零值字段的所有字段）
db.Model(&user).Select("*").Updates(User{Name: "jinzhu", Role: "admin", Age: 0})

// 选择除 Role 外的所有字段（包括零值字段的所有字段）
db.Model(&user).Select("*").Omit("Role").Updates(User{Name: "jinzhu", Role: "admin", Age: 0})

3.4 更新 Hook

GORM 支持的 hook 包括：BeforeSave, BeforeUpdate, AfterSave, AfterUpdate. 更新记录时将调用这些方法，查看 Hooks 获取详细信息

func (u *User) BeforeUpdate(tx *gorm.DB) (err error) {
    if u.Role == "admin" {
        return errors.New("admin user not allowed to update")
    }
    return
}

3.5 批量更新

db.Model(&User{}).Update("name", "jinzhu").Error // gorm.ErrMissingWhereClause

db.Model(&User{}).Where("1 = 1").Update("name", "jinzhu")
// UPDATE users SET `name` = "jinzhu" WHERE 1=1

db.Exec("UPDATE users SET name = ?", "jinzhu")
// UPDATE users SET name = "jinzhu"

db.Session(&gorm.Session{AllowGlobalUpdate: true}).Model(&User{}).Update("name", "jinzhu")
// UPDATE users SET `name` = "jinzhu"

4.删除

// Email 的 ID 是 `10`
db.Delete(&email)
// DELETE from emails where id = 10;

// 带额外条件的删除
db.Where("name = ?", "jinzhu").Delete(&email)
// DELETE from emails where id = 10 AND name = "jinzhu";

5.SQL 构建器

5.1 原生 SQL

type Result struct {
  ID   int
  Name string
  Age  int
}

var result Result
db.Raw("SELECT id, name, age FROM users WHERE id = ?", 3).Scan(&result)

db.Raw("SELECT id, name, age FROM users WHERE name = ?", "jinzhu").Scan(&result)

var age int
db.Raw("SELECT SUM(age) FROM users WHERE role = ?", "admin").Scan(&age)

var users []User
db.Raw("UPDATE users SET name = ? WHERE age = ? RETURNING id, name", "jinzhu", 20).Scan(&users)

Exec 原生 SQL

db.Exec("DROP TABLE users")
db.Exec("UPDATE orders SET shipped_at = ? WHERE id IN ?", time.Now(), []int64{1, 2, 3})

// Exec with SQL Expression
db.Exec("UPDATE users SET money = ? WHERE name = ?", gorm.Expr("money * ? + ?", 10000, 1), "jinzhu")

5.2 命名参数

GORM 支持 sql.NamedArg、map[string]interface{}{} 或 struct 形式的命名参数，例如：

db.Where("name1 = @name OR name2 = @name", sql.Named("name", "jinzhu")).Find(&user)
// SELECT * FROM `users` WHERE name1 = "jinzhu" OR name2 = "jinzhu"

db.Where("name1 = @name OR name2 = @name", map[string]interface{}{"name": "jinzhu2"}).First(&result3)
// SELECT * FROM `users` WHERE name1 = "jinzhu2" OR name2 = "jinzhu2" ORDER BY `users`.`id` LIMIT 1

// 原生 SQL 及命名参数
db.Raw("SELECT * FROM users WHERE name1 = @name OR name2 = @name2 OR name3 = @name",
   sql.Named("name", "jinzhu1"), sql.Named("name2", "jinzhu2")).Find(&user)
// SELECT * FROM users WHERE name1 = "jinzhu1" OR name2 = "jinzhu2" OR name3 = "jinzhu1"

db.Exec("UPDATE users SET name1 = @name, name2 = @name2, name3 = @name",
   sql.Named("name", "jinzhunew"), sql.Named("name2", "jinzhunew2"))
// UPDATE users SET name1 = "jinzhunew", name2 = "jinzhunew2", name3 = "jinzhunew"

db.Raw("SELECT * FROM users WHERE (name1 = @name AND name3 = @name) AND name2 = @name2",
   map[string]interface{}{"name": "jinzhu", "name2": "jinzhu2"}).Find(&user)
// SELECT * FROM users WHERE (name1 = "jinzhu" AND name3 = "jinzhu") AND name2 = "jinzhu2"

type NamedArgument struct {
    Name string
    Name2 string
}

db.Raw("SELECT * FROM users WHERE (name1 = @Name AND name3 = @Name) AND name2 = @Name2",
     NamedArgument{Name: "jinzhu", Name2: "jinzhu2"}).Find(&user)
// SELECT * FROM users WHERE (name1 = "jinzhu" AND name3 = "jinzhu") AND name2 = "jinzhu2"

5.3 DryRun 模式

在不执行的情况下生成 SQL 及其参数，可以用于准备或测试生成的 SQL

stmt := db.Session(&gorm.Session{DryRun: true}).First(&user, 1).Statement
stmt.SQL.String() //=> SELECT * FROM `users` WHERE `id` = $1 ORDER BY `id`
stmt.Vars         //=> []interface{}{1}

5.4 ToSQL

返回生成的 SQL 但不执行。

sql := db.ToSQL(func(tx *gorm.DB) *gorm.DB {
  return tx.Model(&User{}).Where("id = ?", 100).Limit(10).Order("age desc").Find(&[]User{})
})
sql //=> SELECT * FROM "users" WHERE id = 100 AND "users"."deleted_at" IS NULL ORDER BY age desc LIMIT 10

`5.5 Row` & `Rows`

// 使用 GORM API 构建 SQL
row := db.Table("users").Where("name = ?", "jinzhu").Select("name", "age").Row()
row.Scan(&name, &age)

// 使用原生 SQL
row := db.Raw("select name, age, email from users where name = ?", "jinzhu").Row()
row.Scan(&name, &age, &email)

通过rows.Next()获取下一条结果：

for rows.Next() {
  rows.Scan(&name, &age)
  // 业务逻辑...
}

5.6 将 `sql.Rows` 扫描至 model

使用 ScanRows 将一行记录扫描至 struct，例如：

rows, err := db.Model(&User{}).Where("name = ?", "jinzhu").Select("name, age, email").Rows() // (*sql.Rows, error)
defer rows.Close()

var user User
for rows.Next() {
  // ScanRows 将一行扫描至 user
  db.ScanRows(rows, &user)

  // 业务逻辑...
}