Pragmatic Thinking Learning笔记

1.Introduction:

Software isn't designed in an IDE or other tool. It's imagined and created in out heads.

Two most important modern skills are these:

a.Communication skills.

b.Learning and thinking skills.

Only dead fish go with the flow.

Always consider the context: Everything is interconnected.Everything forms one immense, interconnected system of reality.Nothing exists in isolation；everything is part of the system and part of a large context.Small thing can have unexpecctedly large effects.

Every good journey begins with a map or a plan.

第一章主要介绍了基本的概要，强调我们要无时无刻不考虑到Context!我们要有自己的想法不能随波逐流，要增强沟通、学习和思考的能力。

2.Journey from Novice to Expert.

Any given team likey has members at widely different skill levels and can't be treated as a homogeneous set of replaceable resources.

Expert shef konws the subtle difference between just enough and "too much" depending on the humidity.

Five Dreyfus Model Stages:

stage1: Novices. They need context-free rules to follow.Novices don't particularly want to learn; they just want to accomplish an immediate goal.They face the problem of not knowing which rules are most relevant in a given situation.And when something unexpected comes up,they will be completely frustrated.

新手阶段需要一套通用的规则用以参考来解决问题，它们往往没有思考只是在重复着单调的事，当遇到新问题时往往手足无措。

stage2:Advanced Beginners.They can start to break away from the fixed rule set a little bit.The can try tasks on their own,but they still have difficulty troubleshooting.The want information fast,for instance, you may feel like this when you're learning a new language or API and you find yourself scanning the documentation quickly looking for that one method signature or set of arguments.They can start using advice in the correct contex, based ont similar situations they're exprerienced in the recent past but just before.You might see this sort of reaction when the CEO calls an all-hands meeting and presents charts and figures showing sales projections and such.Many of the less experienced staff will tend to dismiss it as no being relevant to their individual job.Advanced Beginners don't want the big picture.

高级新手阶段可以解决以前遇到的类似的问题，但是他们没有全局的观念。

stage3: Competent.Their work is based more on deliberate planning and past experience.Without more experience, they'll still have trouble trying to determine which details to focus on when problem solving.

胜任阶段可以解决新问题，解决问题的方法是依赖过去的经验和详细的计划，但是仍然无法确定关键问题的关键部分在哪儿。他们可以问题的类别建立模型，通过这些模型（经验）来解决问题。

stage4:Proficient.They need big picture. The wiill seek out and want to understand the larger conceptual framework around this skill.They can correct previous poor task performance.The can also learn from the experience of others.

They know the maxim(格言).They have the experience and the judgement to understand what this maxim means in context.And what it doesn't work out that way, they know what needs to change.It becomes apparent to them which plans need to be discarded and what needs to be done instead.

精通阶段可以自行解决问题，可以发现问题的关键所在，可以根据context发现哪些是关键知道哪里有问题哪里正常。

stage5: Expert.They know the differences between irrelevant details and the very important details,perhaps not on a conscious level, but the experts know which details to focus on and which details can be safely ignored.They are very good at trageted,focused pattern matching.

Experts work on intuition.

 For novice to experts you need  practice.

 Learning phases:

1.Imitate

2.Assimilate

3.Innovate

In system thinking, as in object-oriented programming, it's often the relationships between  things that are interesting,not the things themselves.These relationships help form the context that makes all the difference.

第二章主要介绍了一个模型，将一个人的水平划分为5个层次，每个层次有不同的特点，在专家层次，他们往往有全局的视角。