引用参数的不同种类

1. 示例一

#include <iostream>
#include <string>

struct Obj{
    Obj(){
        std::cout << "Ctor called.\n";
    }
    Obj(const Obj&){
        std::cout << "Copy ctor called.\n";    
    }
    ~Obj(){
        std::cout << "Dtor called.\n";
    }
};

void test1(const Obj& obj){
    std::cout << __PRETTY_FUNCTION__ << std::endl;
}

template<typename T>
void test2(const T& obj){
    std::cout << __PRETTY_FUNCTION__ << std::endl;
}

void test3(Obj& obj){
    std::cout << __PRETTY_FUNCTION__ << std::endl;
}

template<typename T>
void test4(T& obj){
    std::cout << __PRETTY_FUNCTION__ << std::endl;
}

void test5(Obj&& obj){
    std::cout << __PRETTY_FUNCTION__ << std::endl;
}

// 转发引用（万能引用）
template<typename T>
void test6(T&& obj){
    std::cout << __PRETTY_FUNCTION__ << std::endl;
}

int main () {
    Obj obj;
    const Obj obj2;
    
    test1(obj);
    test1(obj2);
    test1(Obj{});

    std::cout << std::string(30, '-') << std::endl;

    test2(obj);
    test2(obj2);
    test2(Obj{});

    std::cout << std::string(30, '-') << std::endl;

    test3(obj);
    //test3(obj2);

    test4(obj);
    test4(obj2);     // T&接受const Obj
    //test4(Obj{});  // T&不可能接受右值

    std::cout << std::string(30, '-') << std::endl;

    test5(Obj{});
    std::cout << std::string(30, '-') << std::endl;

    test6(obj);
    test6(obj2);
    test6(Obj{});

    std::cout << std::string(30, '-') << std::endl;
}

输出结果：

Ctor called.
Ctor called.
void test1(const Obj&)
void test1(const Obj&)
Ctor called.
void test1(const Obj&)
Dtor called.
------------------------------
void test2(const T&) [with T = Obj]
void test2(const T&) [with T = Obj]
Ctor called.
void test2(const T&) [with T = Obj]
Dtor called.
------------------------------
void test3(Obj&)
void test4(T&) [with T = Obj]
void test4(T&) [with T = const Obj]
------------------------------
Ctor called.
void test5(Obj&&)
Dtor called.
------------------------------
void test6(T&&) [with T = Obj&]
void test6(T&&) [with T = const Obj&]
Ctor called.
void test6(T&&) [with T = Obj]
Dtor called.
------------------------------
Dtor called.
Dtor called.

2. 示例二

#include <iostream>
#include <string>

struct Obj{
    Obj(){
        std::cout << "Ctor called.\n";
    }
    Obj(const Obj&){
        std::cout << "Copy ctor called.\n";    
    }
    ~Obj(){
        std::cout << "Dtor called.\n";
    }
};

void test(const Obj& obj){
    std::cout << __PRETTY_FUNCTION__ << std::endl;
}

void test(Obj& obj){
    std::cout << __PRETTY_FUNCTION__ << std::endl;
}

void test(Obj&& obj){
    std::cout << __PRETTY_FUNCTION__ << std::endl;
}

template<typename T>
void verifyValueCategory(T&& obj){
    if(std::is_lvalue_reference_v<T>){
        std::cout << "T is a lvalue reference\n";
    }
    else if(std::is_rvalue_reference_v<T>){
        std::cout << "T is a rvalue reference\n";
    }
    else {
        std::cout << "T is not a reference\n";
    }
    test(std::forward<T>(obj));
}

template<typename T>
void verifyValueCategoryNoForward(T&& obj){
    if(std::is_lvalue_reference_v<T>){
        std::cout << "T is a lvalue reference\n";
    }
    else if(std::is_rvalue_reference_v<T>){
        std::cout << "T is a rvalue reference\n";
    }
    else {
        std::cout << "T is not a reference\n";
    }
    test(obj);
}

int main () {
    Obj obj;
    const Obj obj2;

    std::cout << std::string(30, '-') << std::endl;

    verifyValueCategory(obj);     // void test(Obj&)
    verifyValueCategory(obj2);    // void test(const Obj&)
    verifyValueCategory(Obj{});   // void test(Obj&&)

    std::cout << std::string(30, '-') << std::endl;

    verifyValueCategoryNoForward(obj);
    verifyValueCategoryNoForward(obj2);
    verifyValueCategoryNoForward(Obj{});  // 这里会有问题，会调用左值引用的版本而不是右值引用的版本

    std::cout << std::string(30, '-') << std::endl;

    Obj&& r = Obj{};
    Obj&& r1 = Obj{};
    test(r);  // r是右值引用，但是r是变量因此属于左值，所以会调用void test(Obj&)的版本
    test(std::move(r));
    test(std::forward<decltype(r1)>(r1));

    std::cout << std::string(30, '-') << std::endl;
}

输出结果：

Ctor called.
Ctor called.
------------------------------
T is a lvalue reference
void test(Obj&)
T is a lvalue reference
void test(const Obj&)
Ctor called.
T is not a reference
void test(Obj&&)
Dtor called.
------------------------------
T is a lvalue reference
void test(Obj&)
T is a lvalue reference
void test(const Obj&)
Ctor called.
T is not a reference
void test(Obj&)
Dtor called.
------------------------------
Ctor called.
Ctor called.
void test(Obj&)
void test(Obj&&)
void test(Obj&&)
------------------------------
Dtor called.
Dtor called.
Dtor called.
Dtor called.