工厂方法factory method

    工厂的应用可以在数据库工厂，业务工厂等中经常能够看到。工厂方法是一种通用的构造器，可以产生不同的对象。你必须用一个静态方法，而不是一个构造函数来实现它。

A factory is a sort of generic constructor that might produce any of a number of different kinds of objects. You have to implement it as a static method rather than a constructor.

可以用下面的方式去实现一个工厂：

1)        用switch语句来选择合适的构造函数。

2)        用Hashtable/HashMap和.clone()来复制一个已经被预初始化的样例对象。

3)        用getInstance，并通过类名来创建任意对象。

You can implement a factory in several ways: 1)        Have a big switch and select the right constructor. 2)        Use a Hashtable/HashMap and .clone() to reproduce pre-initialized exemplar objects. 3)        Use getInstance to create arbitrary objects from just the class name provided as a String.

如果你想为其他人提供向工厂中添加新类型的能力，那么静态方法是个很好的选择。

If you want to give others the ability to add new types to the factory, the static method pretty well has to fob the work off on a factory delegate object or objects that can be changed. You can’t directly override a static factory method, and others would ignore an overridden instance factory method.

你也可以使用工厂在一个类中构造复杂的对象。

You can also use factories to build complicated objects of only a single class that must be built-in stages, when there are too many parameters to handle conveniently with a constructor. You want to avoid allowing any malformed or partly-formed objects loose out into the universe.

下面两个简单工厂的例子说明工厂的用处：

1)        创建控制。阻止无效对象的创建。如代码段一。

2)        自动创建规定版本的对象。

3)        自动对已经创建的对象进行后续处理。如代码段二。

Here is the code for two simple-minded factories, which illustrate some of the things factories are commonly used for: 1)        Birth control. Preventing the creation of invalid objects. 2)        Automatically creating specialized versions of objects. 3)        Automatic post processing of newly created objects.

代码段一：

/// <summary>/// Factory to avoid even allocating any RAM for malformed objects./// factory to create Integer objects only for 1 to 100/// </summary>/// <param name="anInt">an integer 1..100</param>/// <returns>the corresponding Integer object. If anInt is out of range, it returns null.</returns>public static object smallIntegerFactory(int anInt){ if (1 <= anInt && anInt <= 100) { return (object)anInt; } else { return null; }}

代码段二：

/// <summary>/// Factory to create both Dalmation AND Dog objects./// The Dalmatian constructor is private, so you can't call it directly./// This method forces users to register every Dalmatian object they produce./// </summary>/// <param name="spots">count of spots</param>/// <returns></returns>public static Dog createDog(int spots){ Dog d; if (spots > 0) { // The factory CAN call the private constructor, but other classes cannot. d = new Dalmatian(spots); } else if (spots == 0) { d = new Dog(); } else { return null; } // enforce some processing on every newly created object. register(d); d.getShots(); kennel.add(d); return d;}