rust的特征----来自rust圣经

特征对象

trait Draw {
    fn draw(&self) -> String;
}

impl Draw for u8 {
    fn draw(&self) -> String {
        format!("u8: {}", *self)
    }
}

impl Draw for f64 {
    fn draw(&self) -> String {
        format!("f64: {}", *self)
    }
}

// 若 T 实现了 Draw 特征， 则调用该函数时传入的 Box<T> 可以被隐式转换成函数参数签名中的 Box<dyn Draw>
fn draw1(x: Box<dyn Draw>) {
    // 由于实现了 Deref 特征，Box 智能指针会自动解引用为它所包裹的值，然后调用该值对应的类型上定义的 `draw` 方法
    x.draw();
}

fn draw2(x: &dyn Draw) {
    x.draw();
}

fn main() {
    let x = 1.1f64;
    // do_something(&x);
    let y = 8u8;

    // x 和 y 的类型 T 都实现了 `Draw` 特征，因为 Box<T> 可以在函数调用时隐式地被转换为特征对象 Box<dyn Draw> 
    // 基于 x 的值创建一个 Box<f64> 类型的智能指针，指针指向的数据被放置在了堆上
    draw1(Box::new(x));
    // 基于 y 的值创建一个 Box<u8> 类型的智能指针
    draw1(Box::new(y));
    draw2(&x);
    draw2(&y);
}

关联类型

trait Container<A,B> {
    fn contains(&self,a: A,b: B) -> bool;
}

fn difference<A,B,C>(container: &C) -> i32
  where
    C : Container<A,B> {...}
//可以看到，由于使用了泛型，导致函数头部也必须增加泛型的声明，而使用关联类型，将得到可读性好得多的代码：



trait Container{
    type A;
    type B;
    fn contains(&self, a: &Self::A, b: &Self::B) -> bool;
}

fn difference<C: Container>(container: &C) {}

默认泛型类型参数

trait Add<RHS=Self> {
    type Output;

    fn add(self, rhs: RHS) -> Self::Output;
}

use std::ops::Add;

#[derive(Debug, PartialEq)]
struct Point {
    x: i32,
    y: i32,
}

impl Add for Point {
    type Output = Point;

    fn add(self, other: Point) -> Point {
        Point {
            x: self.x + other.x,
            y: self.y + other.y,
        }
    }
}

fn main() {
    assert_eq!(Point { x: 1, y: 0 } + Point { x: 2, y: 3 },
               Point { x: 3, y: 3 });
}

fn main() {
    println!("A baby Animal dog is called a {}", <Dog as Animal>::baby_name());
    println!("A baby dog is called a {}", Dog::baby_name());
}

trait Animal {
    fn baby_name() -> String;
}

struct Dog;

impl Dog {
    fn baby_name() -> String {
        String::from("Spot")
    }
}

impl Animal for Dog {
    fn baby_name() -> String {
        String::from("puppy")
    }
}

trait Pilot {
    fn fly(&self);
}

trait Wizard {
    fn fly(&self);
}

struct Human;

impl Pilot for Human {
    fn fly(&self) {
        println!("This is your captain speaking.");
    }
}

impl Wizard for Human {
    fn fly(&self) {
        println!("Up!");
    }
}

impl Human {
    fn fly(&self) {
        println!("*waving arms furiously*");
    }
}
fn main() {
    let person = Human;
    Pilot::fly(&person); // 调用Pilot特征上的方法
    Wizard::fly(&person); // 调用Wizard特征上的方法
    person.fly(); // 调用Human类型自身的方法
}

use std::fmt;

struct Wrapper(Vec<String>);

impl fmt::Display for Wrapper {
    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter) -> fmt::Result {
        write!(f, "[{}]", self.0.join(", "))
    }
}

fn main() {
    let w = Wrapper(vec![String::from("hello"), String::from("world")]);
    println!("w = {}", w);
}