C++之引用

该文为中国大学MOOC上北京邮电大学崔毅东和杨谈老师主讲的《C++程序设计（面向对象进阶）》笔记整理

1. 引用的定义

引用就是另一个变量的别名

2. 声明引用变量的方法

int x;
int& rx = x;

const char* s = "hello";
const char*& rs = s;

或

int x,&rx = x;

const char* s = "hello", *&rs = s;

3. 引用的性质

1. 通过引用所做的读写操作实际上是作用于原变量上

   int x = 1;
   int& rx = x;
   std::cout << "before:" << x << std::endl;
   rx = 2;
   std::cout << "after:" << x << std::endl;
   

   输出结果为：
   before:1
   after:2

2. 引用必须在声明的时候初始化

   int y = 2;
   int& ry;   // error
   

3. 引用一旦初始化，引用名字就不能再指定给其他变量

   int x = 1;
   int& rx = x;
   int y = 0;
   rx = y; 
   

   此处 rx = y 实际是让 x = y；而不是让 rx 变成 y 的引用

4. 引用传递

1. 引用可做函数参数，但调用时只需传普通参数即可
2. 在被调函数中改变引用变量的值，实际改变的是实参的值

5. 举例子

1. 值传参

   #include<iostream>
   void swap(int x, int y) {
   	int t = 0;
   	t = x;
   	x = y;
   	y = t;
   }
   
   int main() {
   	int x = 1;
   	int y = 111;
   	std::cout << "before: x = " << x << " ,y = " << y << std::endl;
   	swap(x, y);
   	std::cout << "after: x = " << x << " ,y = " << y << std::endl;
   	return 0;
   }
   

   输出结果为：
   before: x = 1 ,y = 111
   after: x = 1 ,y = 111

2. 指针传参

   #include<iostream>
   void swap(int* x, int* y) {
   	int t = 0;
   	t = *x;
   	*x = *y;
   	*y = t;
   }
   
   int main() {
   	int x = 1;
   	int y = 111;
   	std::cout << "before: x = " << x << " ,y = " << y << std::endl;
   	swap(&x, &y);
   	std::cout << "after: x = " << x << " ,y = " << y << std::endl;
   	return 0;
   }
   

   输出结果为：
   before: x = 1 ,y = 111
   after: x = 111 ,y = 1

3. 引用传参

   #include<iostream>
   void swap(int& x, int& y) {
   	int t = 0;
   	t = x;
   	x = y;
   	y = t;
   }
   
   int main() {
   	int x = 1;
   	int y = 111;
   	std::cout << "before: x = " << x << " ,y = " << y << std::endl;
   	swap(x, y);
   	std::cout << "after: x = " << x << " ,y = " << y << std::endl;
   	return 0;
   }
   

   输出结果为：
   before: x = 1 ,y = 111
   after: x = 111 ,y = 1