HTML
如何理解HTML语义化?
- 让人更容易读懂(增加代码可读性)
- 让搜索引擎更容易读懂(SEO)
默认情况下,哪些HTML标签是块级元素、哪些是内联元素?
- display:block/table:有div h1 h2 table ul ol p 等
- display:inline/inline-block:有span img input button 等
CSS
布局
盒子模型的宽度如何计算?
offsetWidth = (内容宽度 + 内边距 + 边框),无外边距
//div1的offsetWidth是多大?
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<meta charset="UTF-8">
<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
<meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="ie=edge">
<title>盒模型</title>
<style type="text/css">
#div1 {
width: 100px;
padding: 10px;
border: 1px solid #ccc;
margin: 10px;
}
#div2 {
width: 100px;
padding: 10px;
border: 1px solid #ccc;
margin: 10px;
box-sizing: border-box;
}
</style>
</head>
<body>
<div id="div1">
this is div1
</div>
<div id="div2">
this is div2
</div>
<script>
console.log(document.getElementById('div1').offsetWidth) //122
console.log(document.getElementById('div2').offsetWidth) //100
</script>
</body>
</html>
// 启动服务访问页面
npm install -p http-server
http-server -p 8881
margin纵向重叠问题
相邻元素的margin-top和margin-bottom会发生重叠
空白内容的<p></p>也会重叠
//AAA和BBB之间的距离是多少?15px
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<meta charset="UTF-8">
<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
<meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="ie=edge">
<title>margin 纵向重叠</title>
<style type="text/css">
p {
font-size: 16px;
line-height: 1;
margin-top: 10px;
margin-bottom: 15px;
}
</style>
</head>
<body>
<p>AAA</p>
<p></p>
<p></p>
<p></p>
<p>BBB</p>
</body>
</html>
margin负值的问题
对margin的top left right bottom设置负值,有何效果?
- margin-top和margin-bottom,元素向上、向左移动
- margin-right负值,右侧元素左移,自身不受影响
- margin-bottom负值,下方元素上移,自身不受影响
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<meta charset="UTF-8">
<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
<meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="ie=edge">
<title>margin 负值</title>
<style type="text/css">
body {
margin: 20px;
}
.float-left {
float: left;
}
.clearfix:after {
content: '';
display: table;
clear: both;
}
.container {
border: 1px solid #ccc;
padding: 10px;
}
.container .item {
width: 100px;
height: 100px;
}
.container .border-blue {
border: 1px solid blue;
}
.container .border-red {
border: 1px solid red;
}
</style>
</head>
<body>
<p>用于测试 margin top bottom 的负数情况</p>
<div class="container">
<div class="item border-blue">
this is item 1
</div>
<div class="item border-red">
this is item 2
</div>
</div>
<p>用于测试 margin left right 的负数情况</p>
<div class="container clearfix">
<div class="item border-blue float-left">
this is item 3
</div>
<div class="item border-red float-left">
this is item 4
</div>
</div>
</body>
</html>
BFC理解和应用
什么是BFC?如何应用?
- Block format context,块级格式化上下文
- 一块独立渲染区域,内部元素的渲染不会影响边界以外的元素
形成BFC的常见条件
- float不是none
- position不是absolute或fixed
- overflow不是visible
- display是flex inline-block等
形成BFC的常见应用
- 清除浮动
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<meta charset="UTF-8">
<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
<meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="ie=edge">
<title>Document</title>
<style type="text/css">
.container {
background-color: #f1f1f1;
}
.left {
float: left;
}
.bfc {
overflow: hidden; /* 触发元素 BFC */
}
</style>
</head>
<body>
<div class="container bfc">
<img src="https://www.imooc.com/static/img/index/logo.png" class="left" style="magin-right: 10px;"/>
<p class="bfc">某一段文字……</p>
</div>
</body>
</html>
float布局的问题,以及clearfix
如何实现圣杯布局和双飞翼布局
圣杯布局和双飞翼布局的目的
- 三栏布局,中间一栏最先加载和渲染(内容最重要)
- 两侧内容固定,中间内容随着宽度自适应
- 一般用于PC网页
圣杯布局和双飞翼布局的技术总结
- 使用float布局
- 两侧使用margin负值,以便和中间内容横向重叠
- 防止中间内容被两侧覆盖,一个用padding一个用margin
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<meta charset="UTF-8">
<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
<meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="ie=edge">
<title>圣杯布局</title>
<style type="text/css">
body {
min-width: 550px;
}
#header {
text-align: center;
background-color: #f1f1f1;
}
#container {
padding-left: 200px;
padding-right: 150px;
}
#container .column {
float: left;
}
#center {
background-color: #ccc;
width: 100%;
}
#left {
position: relative;
background-color: yellow;
width: 200px;
margin-left: -100%;
right: 200px;
}
#right {
background-color: red;
width: 150px;
margin-right: -150px;
}
#footer {
text-align: center;
background-color: #f1f1f1;
}
/* 手写 clearfix */
.clearfix:after {
content: '';
display: table;
clear: both;
}
</style>
</head>
<body>
<div id="header">this is header</div>
<div id="container" class="clearfix">
<div id="center" class="column">this is center</div>
<div id="left" class="column">this is left</div>
<div id="right" class="column">this is right</div>
</div>
<div id="footer">this is footer</div>
</body>
</html>
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<meta charset="UTF-8">
<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
<meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="ie=edge">
<title>双飞翼布局</title>
<style type="text/css">
body {
min-width: 550px;
}
.col {
float: left;
}
#main {
width: 100%;
height: 200px;
background-color: #ccc;
}
#main-wrap {
margin: 0 190px 0 190px;
}
#left {
width: 190px;
height: 200px;
background-color: #0000FF;
margin-left: -100%;
}
#right {
width: 190px;
height: 200px;
background-color: #FF0000;
margin-left: -190px;
}
</style>
</head>
<body>
<div id="main" class="col">
<div id="main-wrap">
this is main
</div>
</div>
<div id="left" class="col">
this is left
</div>
<div id="right" class="col">
this is right
</div>
</body>
</html>
手写clearfix
/* 手写 clearfix */
.clearfix:after {
content: '';
display: table;
clear: both;
}
.clearfix {
*zoom:1;/* 兼容IE低版本 */
}
flex实现一个三点的色子
//常见语法回顾
flex-direction
justify-content
align-items
flex-wrap
align-self
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<meta charset="UTF-8">
<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
<meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="ie=edge">
<title>flex 画骰子</title>
<style type="text/css">
.box {
width: 200px;
height: 200px;
border: 2px solid #ccc;
border-radius: 10px;
padding: 20px;
display: flex;
justify-content: space-between;
}
.item {
display: block;
width: 40px;
height: 40px;
border-radius: 50%;
background-color: #666;
}
.item:nth-child(2) {
align-self: center;
}
.item:nth-child(3) {
align-self: flex-end;
}
</style>
</head>
<body>
<div class="box">
<span class="item"></span>
<span class="item"></span>
<span class="item"></span>
</div>
</body>
</html>
定位
absolute和relative分别根据什么定位?
- relative根据自身定位
- absolute依据最近一层的定位元素定位
//定位元素
absolute relative fixed
body
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<meta charset="UTF-8">
<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
<meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="ie=edge">
<title>absote relative 定位问题</title>
<style type="text/css">
body {
margin: 20px;
}
.relative {
position: relative;
width: 400px;
height: 200px;
border: 1px solid #ccc;
top: 20px;
left: 50px;
}
.absolute {
position: absolute;
width: 200px;
height: 100px;
border: 1px solid blue;
top: 20px;
left: 50px;
}
</style>
</head>
<body>
<p>absolute 和 relative 定位问题</p>
<div class="relative">
<div class="absolute">
this is absolute
</div>
</div>
</body>
</html>
居中对齐有哪些实现方式?
水平居中
- inline元素:text-align:center
- block元素:margin:auto
- absolute元素:left:50% + margin-left负值
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<meta charset="UTF-8">
<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
<meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="ie=edge">
<title>水平对齐</title>
<style type="text/css">
.container {
border: 1px solid #ccc;
margin: 10px;
padding: 10px;
}
.item {
background-color: #ccc;
}
.container-1 {
text-align: center;
}
.container-2 .item {
width: 500px;
margin: auto;
}
.container-3 {
position: relative;
height: 100px;
}
.container-3 .item {
width: 300px;
height: 100px;
position: absolute;
left: 50%;
margin-left: -150px;
}
</style>
</head>
<body>
<div class="container container-1">
<span>一段文字</span>
</div>
<div class="container container-2">
<div class="item">
this is block item
</div>
</div>
<div class="container container-3">
<div class="item">
this is absolute item
</div>
</div>
</body>
</html>
垂直居中
- inline元素:line-height的值等于height值
- absolute元素:ltop:50% + margin-top负值
- absolute元素:transform(-50%,-50%)
- absolute元素:top,left,bottom,right = 0 + margin:auto
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<meta charset="UTF-8">
<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
<meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="ie=edge">
<title>垂直对齐</title>
<style type="text/css">
.container {
border: 1px solid #ccc;
margin: 10px;
padding: 10px;
height: 200px;
}
.item {
background-color: #ccc;
}
.container-1{
text-align: center;
line-height: 200px;
height: 200px;
}
.container-2 {
position: relative;
}
.container-2 .item {
width: 300px;
height: 100px;
position: absolute;
left: 50%;
margin-left: -150px;
top: 50%;
margin-top: -50px;
}
.container-3 {
position: relative;
}
.container-3 .item {
width: 200px;
height: 80px;
position: absolute;
left: 50%;
top: 50%;
transform: translate(-50%, -50%)
}
.container-4 {
position: relative;
}
.container-4 .item {
width: 100px;
height: 50px;
position: absolute;
top: 0;
left: 0;
bottom: 0;
right: 0;
margin: auto;
}
</style>
</head>
<body>
<div class="container container-1">
<span>一段文字</span>
</div>
<div class="container container-2">
<div class="item">
this is item
</div>
</div>
<div class="container container-3">
<div class="item">
this is item
</div>
</div>
<div class="container container-4">
<div class="item">
this is item
</div>
</div>
</body>
</html>
图文样式
line-height的继承问题
- 写具体数值,如30px,则继承该值(比较好理解)
- 写比例,如2/1.5,则继承该比例(比较好理解)
- 写百分比,如200%,则继承计算出来的值(考点)
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<meta charset="UTF-8">
<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
<meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="ie=edge">
<title>line-height 继承问题</title>
<style type="text/css">
body {
font-size: 20px;
line-height: 200%;/* 30px,1.5,200% */
}
p {
background-color: #ccc;
font-size: 16px;/* p标签的行高是多少 *//* 30px,24px(1.5 * 16),40px(20 * 200%) */
}
</style>
</head>
<body>
<p>这是一行文字</p>
</body>
</html>
响应式
rem是什么?
rem是一个长度单位
- px,绝对长度单位,最常用
- em,相对长度单位,相对于父元素,不常用
- rem,相对长度单位,相对于根元素,常用于响应式布局
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<meta charset="UTF-8">
<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
<meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="ie=edge">
<title>rem 演示</title>
<style type="text/css">
html {
font-size: 100px;
}
div {
background-color: #ccc;
margin-top: 10px;
font-size: 0.16rem;
}
</style>
</head>
<body>
<p style="font-size: 0.1rem">rem 1</p>
<p style="font-size: 0.2rem">rem 1</p>
<p style="font-size: 0.3rem">rem 1</p>
<div style="width: 1rem;">
this is div1
</div>
<div style="width: 2rem;">
this is div2
</div>
<div style="width: 3rem;">
this is div3
</div>
</body>
</html>
如何实现响应式?
- media-query,根据不同的屏幕宽度设置根元素font-size
- rem,基于根元素的相对单位
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<meta charset="UTF-8">
<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
<meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="ie=edge">
<title>响应式布局</title>
<style type="text/css">
@media only screen and (max-width: 374px) {
/* iphone5 或者更小的尺寸,以 iphone5 的宽度(320px)比例设置 font-size */
html {
font-size: 86px;
}
}
@media only screen and (min-width: 375px) and (max-width: 413px) {
/* iphone6/7/8 和 iphone x */
html {
font-size: 100px;
}
}
@media only screen and (min-width: 414px) {
/* iphone6p 或者更大的尺寸,以 iphone6p 的宽度(414px)比例设置 font-size */
html {
font-size: 110px;
}
}
body {
font-size: 0.16rem;
}
#div1 {
width: 1rem;
background-color: #ccc;
}
</style>
</head>
<body>
<div id="div1">
this is div
</div>
</body>
</html>
- rem的弊端:“阶梯”性
- 网页视口尺寸
window.screen.height //屏幕高度
window.innerHeight //网页视口高度
document.body.clientHeight //body高度
- vw/vh
vh 网页视口高度的1/100
vw 网页视口宽度的1/100
vmax取两者最大值,vmin取两者最小值
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
<meta charset="UTF-8">
<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
<title>vw vh test</title>
<style>
body {
margin: 0;
padding: 0;
}
#container {
background-color: red;
width: 10vw;
height: 10vh;
}
</style>
</head>
<body>
<p>vw vh 测试</p>
<div id="container">
</div>
<script>
// window.innerHeight === 100vh
// window.innerWidth === 100vw
</script>
</body>
</html>