空间数据结构思考


从数据模型来看,GIS基本的数据格式包括:Vector,Raster,TIN(Triangulated Irregular Network),Tabular information。

Vector数据对应的file formats有:

Coverage:: vector data format introduced with  ArcInfo in 1981 (带拓扑关系)

multiple physical files(12 or so) in a folder

proprietary::no publishedspecs & ArcInfo required for changes

Shape‘file’: vector data format introduced with ArcView in 1993 (不带拓扑关系)

comprises several (atleast 3) physical disk files (with extension of .shp, .shx, .dbf), all of which must be present
openly published specs soother vendors can create shape files

Geodatabase: new format introduced with ArcGIS 8.0 in 2000 (带拓扑关系)

Multiple layers saved in asinge .mdb (MS Access-like) file
Proprietary, “nextgeneration” spatial  data file format

Shapefiles are the simplest and most commonly used format and willgenerally be used in the class exercises.


Raster数据对应的file formats有:

GRID is ESRI’s proprietary format forstoring and processing raster data
Standard industry formatsfor image data such as JPEG,TIFF and MrSid formats can be used to display raster data, but not foranalysis (must convert to GRID)
Georeferencing information required to displayimages with mapped vector data (will be discussed later in course)


TIN (带拓扑关系)


思考:分布式空间数据存储与并行处理需要存储空间拓扑关系。

如果单纯的用作地图背景显示,不必存储拓扑关系。但是GIS的发展已经不再是单纯的可视化阶段,而是更多面向大数据量的空间分析。

得以于表达地理现象的数据模型,栅格数据具有均匀而且连续的特质,栅格数据非常适合于空间分割与保持本地性(Locality),适合于分布式并行处理。而矢量数据则不同,在离散的模型下,难以实现不同区域简单的分割。要基于vector data进行空间分析,就必须全面存储几何数据、属性数据与拓扑关系数据。

拓扑关系本质上是在表达实体之间的存在关系,如九交模型,而分布式存储则不仅仅需要实体粒度之间的Topology,划分后的子空间之间也需要拓扑表达。这就是说,需要定义一种表达实体集合之间拓扑关系的表达模型。对,是这样。作为一个新的idea!

spatial collection topology for spatial domain decomposition.


参考文献: 

GIS Data Structures

ArcGIS™: Working With Geodatabase Topology

Modelling topological spatial relations Strategies for query processing



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