笔记：C++学习之旅---关联容器

笔记：C++学习之旅---关联容器

      关联容器和顺序容器有着根本的不同：关联容器中的元素是按关键字来保存和访问的。与之相对，顺序容器中的元素是按它们在容器中的位置来顺序保存和访问的。

      关联容器支持高效的关键字查找和访问。两个主要的关联容器类是map和set。

map中的元素是一些关键字的-值（key-value）对：关键字起到索引的作用，值则表示与索引相关联的数据。set中每个元素只包含一个关键字：set支持高效的关键字查询操作--检查一个给定关键字是否在set中。

例子：

一个经典的使用关联数组的例子是单词计数程序：

#include <iostream>

#include <string>

#include <map>

#include <set>

using namespace std;

int main()

{

             map < string , size_t > word_count;

             string word;

             set < string > exclude = { "The" , "But" , "And" , "Or" , "An" , "A" , "the" , "but" , "and" , "or" , "an" , "a" }; //忽略的单词

            cout << "请输入一串英文单词\n" ;

             while (cin >> word)

            {

                         if (word == "#" )

                                     break ;

                         if (exclude.find(word) == exclude.end())

                        {

                                    ++word_count[word];

                        }

            }

                         for ( const auto &w : word_count)

                        cout << w.first << " occurs " << w.second << ((w.second > 1) ? " times " : " time " ) << endl;

             return 0;

}

练习11.3 11.4:

编写你自己的单词计数程序，忽略大小写和标点。如,"example"“example，”和“Example”应该递增相同的计数器。

#include <iostream>

#include <map>

#include <string>

#include <algorithm>

using namespace std;

void print( map < string , size_t > & map )

{

             for ( auto &m : map)

                        cout <<m.first<< ":" <<m.second<<endl;

}

void word_count_pro( map < string , size_t > & m )

{

             string word;

            cout << "请输入一串英文单词\n" ;

             while (cin >> word)

            {

                         if (word == "#" )

                                     break ;

                         for ( auto &ch : word)

                                    ch = towlower(ch); //大小写转换；

                        word.erase(remove_if(word.begin(), word.end(), ispunct), word.end()); //ispunct 判断是否为标点符号或者特殊字符进行删除；

                        ++ m [word];

            }

            print( m );

}

int main()

{

             map < string , size_t > map;

            word_count_pro(map);

             return 0;

}

关联容器的概述

#include <iostream>

#include <vector>

#include <map>

#include <set>

using namespace std;

int main()

{

             vector < int > vec;

             for ( vector < int >:: size_type i = 0; i != 10; ++i)

            {

                        vec.push_back(i);

                        vec.push_back(i);

            }

             set < int > iset(vec.cbegin(), vec.cend());

             multiset < int > miset(vec.cbegin(), vec.cend());

            cout << vec.size() << endl; //20

            cout << iset.size() << endl; //10

            cout << miset.size() << endl; //20

             return 0;

}

练习11.7：

定义一个map，关键字是家庭的姓，值是一个vector，保存家中孩子（们）的名。编写代码，实现添加新的家庭以及向已有家庭中添加新的孩子。

#include <iostream>

#include <vector>

#include <string>

#include <map>

using namespace std;

void print( multimap < string , vector < string >> & family )

{

             //按照英文名称习惯打印名字，如Tom.Green

             for ( auto &member : famil y )

            {

                        cout << "Mumber is:" << " " << endl;

                         for ( auto it = member.second.begin(); it != member.second.end(); ++it)

                        {

                                    cout << *it << "." << member.first << endl;

                        }

                        cout << endl;

            }

}

int main()

{

             string fname = "" , name = "" ;

             vector < string > vec = { "Tom" , "Jerry" , "Lucy" };

             multimap < string , vector < string >> family = { { "Green" , vec }, { "white" , vec } };

            print(family); //打印结果

             //先输入family name,然后自己name

             //while (cin >> fname >> name)

             //family[fname].push_back(name);

             //修改地方，先输入名，再输入姓，可以重复保存了，所以不像上面那样来插入名字

            cout << "请输入你的名:\n" ;

             while (cin >> fname)

            {

                         vector < string > vec;

                        cout << "请输入你的性(输入end退出):\n" ;

                         while (cin >> name && name != "end" ) //以end结束输入

                        {

                                    vec.push_back(name);

                        }

                                    family.insert({fname,vec }); //将姓插入到名前面

                                     //添加新家庭后再次打印

                                    print(family);

            }      

             return 0;

}

pair类型

类似容器，pair是一个用来生成特定类型的模版。与其他标准库类型不同，pair的数据成员public的两个成员分别命名为first和second。

关联容器的操作

向map中添加元素

对于一个map进行insert操作时，必须记住元素类型是pair。

练习11.20：

重写单词计数程序，使用insert代替下标操作。你认为哪个程序更容易编写和阅读

#include <iostream>

#include <vector>

#include <map>

#include <string>

using namespace std;

int main()

{

             map < string , size_t > word_count;

             string word;

            cout << "请输入一串字符串\n" ;

             while (cin >> word)

            {

                         if (word == "#" )

                                     break ;

                         auto ret = word_count.insert({ word, 1 });//创建一个pair

                         if (!ret.second)

                        {

                                    ++ret.first->second;//map中值部分

                        }

            }

             for ( auto &w : word_count)

                        cout << w.first << " " << w.second << ((w.second > 1) ? " times " : " time " )<<endl;

             return 0;

}

删除元素

练习11.31：

编写程序，定义一个作者及其作品的multimap。使用find在multimap中查找一个元素并用erase删除它。确保你的程序在元素不在map中时也能正常运行。

#include <iostream>

#include <string>

#include <map>

#include <algorithm>

using namespace std;

int main()

{

             multimap < string , string > authors{ { "alan" , "DMA" }, { "pezy" , "LeetCode" }, { "alan" , "CLRS" },

            { "wang" , "FTP" }, { "pezy" , "CP5" }, { "wang" , "CPP-Concurrency" } };

            

            cout << "erase before:\n" ;

             for ( auto &a : authors)

                        cout << a.first << ":" <<a.second<< endl;

             string author = "pezy" ;

             string work = "CP5" ;

             auto found = authors.find(author); //找到作者;

             auto count = authors.count(author); //记录次数;

             while (count)

            {

                         if (found->second == work) //找到CP5，然后删除;

                        {

                                    authors.erase(found);

                                     break ;

                        }

                        ++found;

                        --count;

            }

            cout << "erase after:\n" ;

             for ( const auto & author : authors)

                        cout << author.first << ":" << author.second << std::endl;

             return 0;

}