高数 01.[01-07]02习题课

练习题1.2
一、选择题
$1.\lim_{x \rightarrow 0}{\dfrac{\sin^3{2x}}{x^2}} = (\ \ \color{blue} {D} \ \ )$
$A.8; \quad B.2 ; \quad C.\dfrac{1}{8}; \quad D.0.$
$\color{blue} {解：\\ 当x \rightarrow 0时,2x \rightarrow 0,\sin2x \sim 2x,由等价无穷小量代换可得 \\ \lim_{x \rightarrow 0}{\dfrac{\sin^3{2x}}{x^2}} \\ = \lim_{x \rightarrow 0}{\dfrac{{2x}^3}{x^2}} \\ = \lim_{x \rightarrow 0}{8x} \\ = 0 }$

$2.\lim_{x \rightarrow 2}{\dfrac{\sin{x - 2}}{x^2 - 4}} = (\ \ \color{blue} {B} \ \ )$
$A.0; \quad B.\dfrac{1}{4} ; \quad C.\dfrac{1}{2}; \quad D.1.$
$\color{blue} {解：\\ 当x \rightarrow 2时,(x - 2)\rightarrow 0,\sin(x - 2) \sim (x - 2),由等价无穷小量代换可得 \\ \lim_{x \rightarrow 2}{\dfrac{\sin{(x - 2)}}{x^2 - 4}} \\ = \lim_{x \rightarrow 2}{\dfrac{\sin{(x - 2)}}{(x - 2)(x + 2)}} \\ = \lim_{x \rightarrow 2}{\dfrac{{(x - 2)}}{(x - 2)(x + 2)}} \\ = \lim_{x \rightarrow 2}{\dfrac{1}{(x + 2)}} \\ = \dfrac{1}{4} }$

$3.\lim_{n \rightarrow \infty}{\dfrac{2n^2 + 3n - 2}{n^2 + 1}} = (\ \ \color{blue} {B} \ \ )$
$A.0; \quad B.2; \quad C.\infty; \quad D.-2.$
$\color{blue} {解：\\ 由\lim_{x \rightarrow \infty}{\dfrac{P(x)}{Q(x)}}公式可知应选B \\ \lim_{n \rightarrow \infty}{\dfrac{2n^2 + 3n - 2}{n^2 + 1}} \\ = \lim_{n \rightarrow \infty}{\dfrac{2 + \dfrac{3}{n} - \dfrac{2}{n^2}}{1 + \dfrac{1}{n^2}}} \\ = \lim_{x \rightarrow \infty}{\dfrac{2}{1}} \\ = 2 }$

$4.函数f(x)在点x = x_0处有定义，是当x \rightarrow x_0时f(x)有极限的 (\ \ \color{blue} {D} \ \ )$
$A.必要条件; \quad B.充分条件; \quad C.必要充分条件; \quad D.无关条件.$
$\color{blue} {解：\\ 由极限的定义可知应选D }$

$5.\lim_{x \rightarrow 0}{(1 - 5x)^{\frac{2}{x}} } = (\ \ \color{blue} {A} \ \ )$
$A.e^{-10}; \quad B.e^{-5}; \quad C.e^{-2}; \quad D.e^{-1}.$
$\color{blue} {解：\\ 当x \rightarrow 0时,(-5x)\rightarrow 0; \\ 且有 \lim_{z \rightarrow 0}{(1 + z)^{\frac{1}{z}}} = e,\\ \lim_{x \rightarrow 0}{(1 - 5x)^{\frac{2}{x}}} \\ = \lim_{x \rightarrow 0}{(1 + (- 5x))^{\frac{1}{(-5x)} \cdot (-10)}} \\ = \lim_{x \rightarrow 0}{e^{-10}} \\ = e^{-10} }$

$6.\lim_{x \rightarrow \infty}{(1 + \dfrac{1}{x})^{-2x + 3}} = (\ \ \color{blue} {A} \ \ )$
$A.e^{-2}; \quad B.e; \quad C.e^{2}; \quad D.e^{3}.$
$\color{blue} {解：\\ \because \lim_{x \rightarrow \infty}{(1 + \dfrac{1}{x})^x} = e;\\ \therefore \lim_{x \rightarrow \infty}{(1 + \dfrac{1}{x})^{-2x + 3}}\\ = \lim_{x \rightarrow \infty}{\Big[ (1 + \dfrac{1}{x})^{x \cdot (-2)} \Big] \cdot \Big[ (1 + \dfrac{1}{x})^{3} \Big]} \\ = \lim_{x \rightarrow \infty}{\Big[ (1 + \dfrac{1}{x})^{x} \Big]^{-2} } \cdot \lim_{x \rightarrow \infty}{ \Big[ (1 + \dfrac{1}{x}) \Big]^{3}} \\ = e^{-2} \cdot 1^3 \\ = e^{-2} }$

$7.\lim_{x \rightarrow 0}{\dfrac{\tan{2x}}{x}} = (\ \ \color{blue} {D} \ \ )$
$A.0; \quad B.\dfrac{1}{2}; \quad C.1; \quad D.2.$
$\color{blue} {解：\\ 当x \rightarrow 0时, 2x \rightarrow 0,tan{2x} \sim 2x,\\ \lim_{x \rightarrow 0}{\dfrac{\tan{2x}}{x}} \\ = \lim_{2x \rightarrow 0}{\dfrac{\tan{2x}}{2x} \cdot 2} \\ = 1 \cdot 2 \\ = 2 }$

$8.当x \rightarrow 0 时,与e^{2x} - 1等价的无穷小量是 (\ \ \color{blue} {C} \ \ )$
$A.x; \quad B.4x; \quad C.2x; \quad D.x^2.$
$\color{blue} {解：\\ 当x \rightarrow 0时, 2x \rightarrow 0,且有e^x - 1 \sim x,\\ 可知当x \rightarrow 0时，e^{2x} - 1 \sim 2x }$

$9.当x \rightarrow 0 时,x - \tan{x}是关于x的 (\ \ \color{blue} {A} \ \ )$
$A.高阶无穷小量; \quad B.等价无穷小量; \quad C.等阶但不等价无穷小量; \quad D.低阶无穷小量.$
$\color{blue} {解：\\ 当x \rightarrow 0时, \tan{x} \sim x,\\ \lim_{x \rightarrow 0}{\dfrac{x - \tan{x}}{x}} \\ = \lim_{x \rightarrow 0}{\dfrac{x - x}{x}} \\ = 0 }$

$10.当x \rightarrow \infty 时,f(x) = \dfrac{\sin{x}}{x}是 (\ \ \color{blue} {A} \ \ )$
$A.无穷小量; \quad B.没有极限但为有界变量; \\ C.无穷大量; \quad D.无界变量但不为无穷大量.$
$\color{blue} {解：\\ \sin{x}有界; 当x \rightarrow \infty 时,\dfrac{1}{x}无穷小,\\ \lim_{x \rightarrow \infty}{\dfrac{\sin{x}}{x}} \\ = \lim_{x \rightarrow \infty}{\dfrac{1}{x} \cdot \sin{x}} \\ = 0 }$

二、填空题
$1.\lim_{x \rightarrow 0}{\dfrac{\sin{2x}}{x}} = \underline{\ \ \color{blue} {2} \ \ }$
$\color{blue} {解：\\ 当x \rightarrow 0时, \sin{x} \sim x;\\ \lim_{x \rightarrow 0}{\dfrac{\sin{2x}}{x}} \\ = \lim_{x \rightarrow \infty}{\dfrac{2x}{x}} \\ = 2 }$

$2.\lim_{x \rightarrow 0}{(1 + x)^{\frac{2}{x}}} = \underline{\ \ \color{blue} {e^2} \ \ }$
$\color{blue} {解：\\ \because \lim_{z \rightarrow 0}{(1 + z)^{\frac{1}{z}}} = e \\ \lim_{x \rightarrow 0}{(1 + x)^{\frac{2}{x}}} \\ = \lim_{x \rightarrow 0}{[(1 + x)^{\frac{1}{x}}]^2} \\ = e^2 }$

$3.\lim_{x \rightarrow \infty}{(1 - \dfrac{1}{2x})^x} = \underline{\ \ \color{blue} {e^{-\frac{1}{2}}} \ \ }$
$\color{blue} {解：\\ \because \lim_{x \rightarrow \infty}{(1 + \dfrac{1}{x})^x} = e \\ \lim_{x \rightarrow \infty}{(1 - \dfrac{1}{2x})^x} \\ = \lim_{x \rightarrow \infty}{(1 + \dfrac{1}{(-2x)})^{(-2x) \cdot (-\frac{1}{2})}} \\ = e^{-\frac{1}{2}} }$

$4.\lim_{x \rightarrow 1}{\dfrac{\sin{(x - 1)}}{x - 1}} = \underline{\ \ \color{blue} {1} \ \ }$
$\color{blue} {解：\\ 令t = x - 1,则x \rightarrow 1时， t \rightarrow 0, \sin{t} \sim t \\ \lim_{x \rightarrow 1}{\dfrac{\sin{(x - 1)}}{x - 1}} \\ = \lim_{t \rightarrow 0}{\dfrac{\sin{(t)}}{t}}\\ = 1 }$

$5.设f(x) = \left \{ \begin{array}{l} 1 - x, \ x < 0.\\2. \qquad \ x = 0. \\ 1 + x, \ x > 0. \end{array} \right. 则\lim_{x \rightarrow 0^{-}}{f(x)} = \underline{\ \ \color{blue} {1} \ \ }$
$\color{blue} {解：\\ \lim_{x \rightarrow 0^{-}}{f(x)} \\ = \lim_{x \rightarrow 0^{-}}{(1 - x)} \\ = 1 }$

$6.\lim_{x \rightarrow \infty}{\dfrac{x^2 - 1}{3x^2 + x}} = \underline{\ \ \color{blue} {\dfrac{1}{3}} \ \ }$
$\color{blue} {解：\\ \lim_{x \rightarrow \infty}{\dfrac{x^2 - 1}{3x^2 + x}} \\ = \lim_{x \rightarrow \infty}{\dfrac{1 - \dfrac{1}{x^2}}{3 + \dfrac{1}{x}}}\\ = \dfrac{1}{3} }$

三、解答题
$1.求\lim_{x \rightarrow \infty}{\dfrac{\sqrt{4x^2 + 1}}{x + 2}}$
$\color{blue} {解：\\ \lim_{x \rightarrow \infty}{\dfrac{\sqrt{4x^2 + 1}}{x + 2}}\\ = \lim_{x \rightarrow \infty}{\dfrac{\sqrt{4 + \frac{1}{x^2}}}{1 + \frac{2}{x}}}\\ = \lim_{x \rightarrow \infty}{\dfrac{\sqrt{4}}{1}}\\ = 2 }$

$2.求\lim_{x \rightarrow \infty}{\dfrac{x^2 - 1}{3x^2 + x}}$
$\color{blue} {解：\\ \lim_{x \rightarrow \infty}{\dfrac{x^2 - 1}{3x^2 + x}}\\ = \lim_{x \rightarrow \infty}{\dfrac{1 - \dfrac{1}{x^2}}{3 + \dfrac{1}{x}}}\\ = \lim_{x \rightarrow \infty}{\dfrac{1}{3}}\\ = \dfrac{1}{3} }$

$3.求\lim_{x \rightarrow \infty}{\dfrac{2x + \cos{x}}{3x - \sin{x}}}$
$\color{blue} {解：\\ \lim_{x \rightarrow \infty}{\dfrac{2x + \cos{x}}{3x - \sin{x}}} \\ = \lim_{x \rightarrow \infty}{\dfrac{2 + \dfrac{\cos{x}}{x}}{3 - \dfrac{\sin{x}}{x}}} \\ = \lim_{x \rightarrow \infty}{\dfrac{2 + 0}{3 - 0}}\\ = \dfrac{2}{3} }$

第20讲 极限习题课
$4.求\lim_{n \rightarrow \infty}{\dfrac{10^n - 2}{10^{n + 1} + 5}}$
$\color{blue} {解：\\ \lim_{n \rightarrow \infty}{\dfrac{10^n - 2}{10^{n + 1} + 5}} \\ = \lim_{n \rightarrow \infty}{\dfrac{1 - \dfrac{2}{10^n}}{10 + \dfrac{5}{10^n}}} \\ = \lim_{x \rightarrow \infty}{\dfrac{1 - 0}{10 + 0}}\\ = \dfrac{1}{10} }$

$5.求\lim_{x \rightarrow \infty}{\Big(\dfrac{3x - 2}{3x - 1} \Big)^x}$
$\color{blue} {解：\\ \lim_{x \rightarrow \infty}{\Big(\dfrac{3x - 2}{3x - 1} \Big)^x} \\ = \lim_{x \rightarrow \infty}{\Big(1 + \dfrac{1}{-(3x - 1)} \Big)^{[-(3x - 1) \cdot (-\frac{1}{3}) + \frac{1}{3}]}} \\ = \lim_{x \rightarrow \infty}{\Big[ \Big(1 + \dfrac{1}{-(3x - 1)} \Big)^{-(3x - 1)} \Big]^ {(-\frac{1}{3})}} \cdot \lim_{x \rightarrow \infty}{\Big(1 + \dfrac{1}{-(3x - 1)} \Big)^{\frac{1}{3}}} \\ = e^{-\frac{1}{3}} \cdot 1 \\ = e^{-\frac{1}{3}} \\ 解法2：\\ \lim_{x \rightarrow \infty}{\Big(\dfrac{3x - 2}{3x - 1} \Big)^x} \\ =\lim_{x \rightarrow \infty}{\dfrac {\Big(1 + \dfrac{1}{-\frac{3}{2} x} \Big)^x} {\Big(1 + \dfrac{1}{-3x} \Big)^x}} \\ =\lim_{x \rightarrow \infty}{\dfrac {\Big(1 + \dfrac{1}{-\frac{3}{2} x} \Big)^{(-\frac{3}{2}x) \cdot (-\frac{2}{3})}} {\Big(1 + \dfrac{1}{-3x} \Big)^{(-3x) \cdot (-\frac{1}{3})}}} \\ =\lim_{x \rightarrow \infty}{\dfrac {e^{(-\frac{2}{3})}} {e^{(-\frac{1}{3})}}} \\ =\lim_{x \rightarrow \infty}{e^{(-\frac{1}{3})}} \\ = e^{-\frac{1}{3}} }$

$6.求\lim_{x \rightarrow -2}{\dfrac{\sqrt{1 - x} - \sqrt{3}}{x^2 + x - 2}}$
$\color{blue} {解：\\ \lim_{x \rightarrow -2}{\dfrac{\sqrt{1 - x} - \sqrt{3}}{x^2 + x - 2}} \\ = \lim_{x \rightarrow -2}{\dfrac{(\sqrt{1 - x} - \sqrt{3})(\sqrt{1 - x} + \sqrt{3})}{(x + 2)(x - 1)(\sqrt{1 - x} + \sqrt{3})}} \\ = \lim_{x \rightarrow -2}{\dfrac{-(x + 2)}{(x + 2)(x - 1)(\sqrt{1 - x} + \sqrt{3})}} \\ = \lim_{x \rightarrow -2}{\dfrac{1}{(1 - x)(\sqrt{1 - x} + \sqrt{3})}} \\ = \dfrac{1}{6 \sqrt{3}} }$

$7.求\lim_{x \rightarrow 0}{\dfrac{\sqrt{x + 1} - 1}{\sin{2x}}}$
$\color{blue} {解：\\ \lim_{x \rightarrow 0}{\dfrac{\sqrt{x + 1} - 1}{\sin{2x}}} \\ = \lim_{x \rightarrow 0}{\dfrac{\sqrt{x + 1} - 1}{2x}} \\ = \lim_{x \rightarrow 0}{\dfrac{(\sqrt{x + 1} - 1)(\sqrt{x + 1} + 1)}{2x(\sqrt{x + 1} + 1)}} \\ = \lim_{x \rightarrow 0}{\dfrac{x}{2x(\sqrt{x + 1} + 1)}} \\ = \lim_{x \rightarrow 0}{\dfrac{1}{2(\sqrt{x + 1} + 1)}} \\ = \dfrac{1}{4} }$

$8.设f(x) = \left \{ \begin{array}{l} {\dfrac {\ln(1 + ax)}{x}, \quad x < 0. }\\{1 + x + \cos{x}, x \geq 0.} \end{array} \right. , 在x = 0处极限存在，求a的值。$
$\color{blue} {解：\\ \because 当x \rightarrow 0时,\ln{(1 + x)} \sim x; \\ \therefore 当ax \rightarrow 0时,\ln{(1 + ax)} \sim ax; \\ \lim_{x \rightarrow 0^-}{f(x)} = \lim_{x \rightarrow 0^-}{\dfrac {\ln(1 + ax)}{x}} = \lim_{x \rightarrow 0^-}{\dfrac {ax}{x}} = a \\ \lim_{x \rightarrow 0^+}{f(x)} = \lim_{x \rightarrow 0^+}{1 + x + \cos{x}} = 2 \\ \because 极限存在，\therefore 左极限=右极限 \\ \lim_{x \rightarrow 0^-}{f(x)} = \lim_{x \rightarrow 0^+}{f(x)} \\ a = 2 \\ }$

$9.若\lim_{x \rightarrow 2}{\dfrac{ax +b - 4}{x - 2}} = 4.试确定常数a、b的值.$
$\color{blue} {解：\\ \because 当x \rightarrow 2时,x -2 \rightarrow 0; \\ 由于 \lim_{x \rightarrow 2}{\dfrac{ax +b - 4}{x - 2}} = 4\\ lim_{x \rightarrow 2}{(2a + b -4)} = 0, 即 b = 4 - 2a \\ \lim_{x \rightarrow 2}{\dfrac{ax +b - 4}{x - 2}} \\ = \lim_{x \rightarrow 2}{\dfrac{ax + (4 - 2a) - 4}{x - 2}} \\ = \lim_{x \rightarrow 2}{\dfrac{a(x - 2)}{x - 2}} \\ = a \\ \therefore a = 4, b = -4 \\ }$

$10.若\lim_{x \rightarrow +\infty}{\Big(\dfrac{4x^2 + 3}{x - 1} + ax + b \Big)} = 2.试确定常数a、b的值.$
$\color{blue} {解：\\ \lim_{x \rightarrow +\infty}{\Big(\dfrac{4x^2 + 3}{x - 1} + ax + b \Big)} = 2 \\ \lim_{x \rightarrow +\infty}{\dfrac{(a + 4)x^2 + (b-a)x +3 -b}{x - 1}} = 2\\ a + 4 = 0, b - a = 2 \\ \therefore a = -4, b = -2 }$