高数 04.03分部积分法

$\color{blue}{第四章 第三节 分部积分法}$

$由导数公式：(uv)^{\prime} = u^{\prime}v + uv^{\prime} \\ 积分得：uv = \int{u^{\prime}v dx} + \int{uv^{\prime} dx}$
$\color{blue}{\Longrightarrow \left. \begin{array}{r}\int{uv^{\prime}dx} = uv - \int{u^{\prime}v dx} \\ 或\int{u dv} = uv - \int{v du} \end{array} \right \} 分部积分公式}$

$选取u及v^{\prime}(或dv)的原则：\\ 1)v容易求得;\\ 2)\int{u^{\prime}vdx}比\int{uv^{\prime} dx}容易计算.$

$例1.求\int{x \cos{x} dx}$
$解:\\ \int{x \cos{x} dx} \\ = \int{x (\sin{x})^{\prime} dx} \\ = \sin{x} \cdot x - \int{\sin{x} \cdot (x)^{\prime} dx} \\ = \sin{x} \cdot x - \int{\sin{x}dx} \\ = \sin{x} \cdot x + \int{d(\cos{x})} \\ = x \sin{x} + \cos{x} + C$

$思考：如何求\int{x^2 \sin{x} dx}?$
$解：\\ \int{x^2 \sin{x} dx} \\ = \int{x^2(-\cos{x})^{\prime} dx} \\ = -x^2 \cos{x} + \int{(\cos{x})(x^2)^{\prime} dx} \\ = -x^2 \cos{x} + 2\int{x \cos{x} dx} \\ = -x^2 \cos{x} + 2\int{x (\sin{x})^{\prime} dx} \\ = -x^2 \cos{x} + 2[x \sin{x} - \int{(\sin{x}) (x^{\prime})dx}]\\ = -x^2 \cos{x} + 2x \sin{x} + 2\int{d (\cos{x})}\\ = -x^2 \cos{x} + 2x \sin{x} + 2\cos{x} + C$

$例2.求\int{x \ln{x} dx}$
$解：\\ \int{x \ln{x} dx} \\ = \int{\ln{x} (\dfrac{1}{2}x^2)^{\prime}dx} \\ = \dfrac{1}{2}x^2 \ln{x} - \int{(\dfrac{1}{2}x^2)(\ln{x})^{\prime}dx} \\ = \dfrac{1}{2}x^2 \ln{x} - \int{(\dfrac{1}{2}x^2)\dfrac{1}{x}dx} \\ = \dfrac{1}{2}x^2 \ln{x} - \dfrac{1}{4}\int{dx^2} \\ = \dfrac{1}{2}x^2 \ln{x} - \dfrac{1}{4}x^2 + C$

$例3.求\int{x \arctan{x} dx}$
$解:\\ \int{x \arctan{x} dx} \\ = \dfrac{1}{2}\int{\arctan{x} (x^2)^{\prime} dx} \\ = \dfrac{1}{2}[x^2 \arctan{x} - \int{(x^2)(\arctan{x})^{\prime} dx}] \\ = \dfrac{1}{2}x^2 \arctan{x} - \dfrac{1}{2}\int{(x^2)\dfrac{1}{1 + x^2}dx} \\ = \dfrac{1}{2}x^2 \arctan{x} - \dfrac{1}{2}\int{[1 - \dfrac{1}{1 + x^2}]dx} \\ = \dfrac{1}{2}x^2 \arctan{x} - \dfrac{x}{2} + \dfrac{1}{2}\int{\dfrac{1}{1 + x^2}dx} \\ = \dfrac{1}{2}x^2 \arctan{x} - \dfrac{x}{2} + \dfrac{\arctan{x}}{2} + C$

$例4.求\int{e^x \sin{x} dx}$
$解：\\ \int{e^x \sin{x} dx} \\ = -\int{e^x (\cos{x})^{\prime} dx} \\ = -e^x \cos{x} + \int{\cos{x}(e^x)^{\prime} dx} \\ = -e^x \cos{x} + \int{\cos{x}(e^x)dx} \\ = -e^x \cos{x} + \int{e^x(\sin{x})^{\prime}dx} \\ = -e^x \cos{x} + e^x \sin{x} - \int{(\sin{x})(e^x)^{\prime} dx} \\ = -e^x \cos{x} + e^x \sin{x} - \int{e^x \sin{x} dx} \\ \Longrightarrow \int{e^x \sin{x} dx} = \dfrac{1}{2}e^x(\sin{x} - \cos{x}) + C$

$解题技巧：选取u及v^{\prime}的一般方法：\\ 把被积函数视为两个函数之积,按”反对幂指三”的顺序,前者为u后者为v^{\prime}$

$例5.求\int{\arccos{x} dx}$
$解：\\ \int{\arccos{x} dx} \\ = \int{\arccos{x} (x^{\prime})dx}\\ = x \arccos{x} - \int{x (\arccos^{\prime}{x}) dx} \\ = x \arccos{x} - \int{x (\dfrac{-1}{\sqrt{1 - x^2}}) dx} \\ = x \arccos{x} - \dfrac{1}{2}\int{(\dfrac{1}{\sqrt{1 - x^2}}) d(1 - x^2)} \\ = x \arccos{x} - \sqrt{1 - x^2} + C$

$例6.求\int{\dfrac{\ln{\cos{x}}}{\cos^2{x}} dx}$
$解：\\ \int{\dfrac{\ln{\cos{x}}}{\cos^2{x}} dx} \\ = \int{(\ln{\cos{x}})(\tan^{\prime}{x}) dx} \\ = \tan{x} \ln{\cos{x}} - \int{(\tan{x})(\ln{\cos{x}})^{\prime} dx} \\ = \tan{x} \ln{\cos{x}} - \int{(\tan{x})(\dfrac{1}{\cos{x}})(\cos{x})^{\prime} dx} \\ = \tan{x} \ln{\cos{x}} + \int{(\tan{x})(\dfrac{1}{\cos{x}})(\sin{x}) dx} \\ = \tan{x} \ln{\cos{x}} + \int{(\dfrac{1}{\cos^2{x}} - 1) dx} \\ = \tan{x} \ln{\cos{x}} + \tan{x} - x + C$

$例7.求\int{e^{\sqrt{x}} dx}$
$解：\\ 令t = \sqrt{x}, x = t^2 \\ \int{e^{\sqrt{x}} dx} \\ = 2\int{te^{t}dt} \\ = 2\int{t(e^{t})^{\prime}dt} \\ =2[te^t - \int{e^t (t)^{\prime}dt}] \\ =2[te^t - \int{e^tdt}] \\ =2e^t(t - 1) + C \\ = 2e^{\sqrt{x}}(\sqrt{x} - 1) + C$

说明：
分部积分题目的类型：
(1)直接分部化简积分;
(2)分部产生循环式,由此解出积分式;
(注意：两次分部选择的u,v函数类型不变,解出积分后加C)

$例8.已知f(x)的一个原函数是\dfrac{\cos{x}}{x},求\int{x f^{\prime}(x) dx}$
$解：\\ f(x) = (\dfrac{\cos{x}}{x})^{\prime} \\ = \dfrac{\cos^{\prime}{x} \cdot x - \cos{x} \cdot x^{\prime}}{x^2} \\ = -\dfrac{x\sin{x} + \cos{x}}{x^2} \\ \int{x f^{\prime}(x) dx} \\ = x \cdot f(x) - \int{f(x) (x)^{\prime} dx} \\ = x \cdot (\dfrac{\cos{x}}{x})^{\prime} - \int{f(x)dx} \\ = -x \cdot \dfrac{x\sin{x} + \cos{x}}{x^2} - \dfrac{\cos{x}}{x} + C \\ = -\sin{x} - 2\dfrac{\cos{x}}{x} + C$

内容小结：
$分部积分公式\int{uv^{\prime} dx} = uv - \int{ u^{\prime}v dx}$
$1.使用原则：v易求出,\int{u^{\prime}v dx}易积分$
$2.使用经验：[反对幂指三],前u后v^{\prime}$
$3.题目类型：分部化简;循环解出;递推公式$

练习
$1.求\int{\dfrac{\ln{x}}{x^3} dx}$
$解：\\ \int{\dfrac{\ln{x}}{x^3} dx} \\ = -\dfrac{1}{2}\int{\ln{x} (x^{-2})^{\prime} dx} \\ = -\dfrac{1}{2}[x^{-2} \ln{x} - \int{(x^{-2})(\ln{x})^{\prime} dx}] \\ = -\dfrac{1}{2}[x^{-2} \ln{x} - \int{x^{-3} dx}] \\ = -\dfrac{1}{2}[x^{-2} \ln{x} - \int{(-\dfrac{1}{2}x^{-2})^{\prime} dx}] \\ = -\dfrac{\ln{x}}{2x^2} - \dfrac{1}{4}\int{(x^{-2})^{\prime} dx} \\ = -\dfrac{2\ln{x} + 1}{4x^2} + C$

$2.求\int{\dfrac{\arcsin{x}}{x^2} dx}$
$解：\\ \int{\dfrac{\arcsin{x}}{x^2} dx} \\ = -\int{(\arcsin{x})(x^{-1})^{\prime} dx} \\ = -\dfrac{arcsin{x}}{x} + \int{(x^{-1})(\arcsin{x})^{\prime} dx} \\ = -\dfrac{arcsin{x}}{x} + \int{(x^{-1})\dfrac{1}{\sqrt{1 - x^2}} dx} \\ = -\dfrac{arcsin{x}}{x} + \int{\dfrac{1}{x\sqrt{1 - x^2}} dx} \\ 对于\int{\dfrac{1}{x\sqrt{1 - x^2}} dx}，另x = sin{t}\\ \int{\dfrac{1}{x\sqrt{1 - x^2}} dx} \\ =\int{\dfrac{1}{\sin{t}\cos{t}} d\sin{t}} \\ =\int{\dfrac{\cos{t}}{\sin{t}\cos{t}} dt} \\ =\int{\dfrac{\sin{t}}{\sin^2{t}} dt} \\ = -\int{\dfrac{1}{1 - \cos^2{t}} d\cos{t}} \\ = -\int{\dfrac{1}{(1 - \cos{t})(1 + \cos{t})} d\cos{t}} \\ = -\dfrac{1}{2}\int{[\dfrac{1}{1 - \cos{t}} + \dfrac{1}{1 + \cos{t}}] d\cos{t}} \\ = \dfrac{1}{2}\int{[\dfrac{d(1 - \cos{t})}{1 - \cos{t}} - \dfrac{d(1 + \cos{t})}{1 + \cos{t}}]} \\ = \dfrac{1}{2} \ln|\dfrac{1-\cos{t}}{1 + \cos{t}}| + C \\ = \dfrac{1}{2} \ln|\dfrac{1-\sqrt{1 - x^2}}{1 + \sqrt{1 - x^2}}| + C \\ = \ln|\dfrac{1-\sqrt{1 - x^2}}{x}| + C\\ \therefore \int{\dfrac{1}{x\sqrt{1 - x^2}} dx} \\ = -\dfrac{arcsin{x}}{x} + \int{\dfrac{1}{x\sqrt{1 - x^2}} dx} \\ = -\dfrac{arcsin{x}}{x} + \ln|\dfrac{1-\sqrt{1 - x^2}}{x}| + C$

$3.求\int{\ln(1 + x^2) dx}$
$解：\\ \int{\ln(1 + x^2) dx} \\ = x \ln(1 + x^2) - \int{x (\ln(1 + x^2))^{\prime} dx} \\ = x \ln(1 + x^2) - \int{x \dfrac{1}{1 + x^2} \cdot 2x dx} \\ = x \ln(1 + x^2) + 2\int{\dfrac{1 -( x^2 + 1)}{1 + x^2} dx} \\ = x \ln(1 + x^2) + 2\int{\dfrac{1}{1 + x^2} dx} - 2\int{dx} \\ = x \ln(1 + x^2) + 2\arctan{x} - 2x + C$

$4.求\int{x \tan{x} \sec^4{x} dx}$
$解：\\ \int{x \tan{x} \sec^4{x} dx} \\ = \int{x \sin{x} \cos^{-5}{x} dx} \\ = -\int{x \cos^{-5}{x} d\cos{x}} \\ = \dfrac{1}{4} \int{x d\cos^{-4}{x}} \\ = \dfrac{1}{4}[x \cos^{-4}{x} - \int{\cos^{-4}{x}(x^{\prime})dx} ] \\ = \dfrac{1}{4}x \cos^{-4}{x} - \dfrac{1}{4}\int{\cos^{-4}{x}dx} \\ = \dfrac{1}{4}x \cos^{-4}{x} - \dfrac{1}{4}\int{\cos^{-2}{x}d\tan{x}} \\ = \dfrac{1}{4}x \cos^{-4}{x} - \dfrac{1}{4}\int{(\tan^{2}{x} + 1)d\tan{x}} \\ = \dfrac{1}{4}x \cos^{-4}{x} - \dfrac{1}{4}(\dfrac{1}{3} tan^3{x} + tan{x}) + C \\ = \dfrac{1}{4}x \cos^{-4}{x} - \dfrac{1}{12}tan^3{x} - \dfrac{1}{4} tan{x} + C$

$5.求\int{\dfrac{x}{\sin^2{x}} dx}$
$解:\\ \int{\dfrac{x}{\sin^2{x}} dx} \\ = -\int{ x d\cot{x} } \\ = - x \cot{x} + \int{ \cot{x} dx } \\ = - x \cot{x} + \int{ \dfrac{d\sin{x}}{\sin{x}} } \\ = = - x \cot{x} + \ln|\sin{x}| + C$

$6.求\int{(x^2 - 2x + 3) \ln{x} dx}$
$解:\\ \int{(x^2 - 2x + 3) \ln{x} dx} \\ = \int{(\dfrac{1}{3}x^3 - x^2 + 3x)^{\prime} \ln{x} dx} \\ = (\dfrac{1}{3}x^3 - x^2 + 3x) \ln{x} - \int{(\dfrac{1}{3}x^3 - x^2 + 3x)(\ln{x})^{\prime} dx} \\ = (\dfrac{1}{3}x^3 - x^2 + 3x) \ln{x} - \int{(\dfrac{1}{3}x^3 - x^2 + 3x)\dfrac{1}{x} dx} \\ = (\dfrac{1}{3}x^3 - x^2 + 3x) \ln{x} - \int{(\dfrac{1}{3}x^2 - x + 3) dx} \\ = (\dfrac{1}{3}x^3 - x^2 + 3x) \ln{x} - \int{(\dfrac{1}{9}x^3 - \dfrac{1}{2}x^2 + 3x)^{\prime} dx} \\ = (\dfrac{1}{3}x^3 - x^2 + 3x) \ln{x} - \dfrac{1}{9}x^3 + \dfrac{1}{2}x^2 - 3x + C$

$7.求\int{\dfrac{\ln{x}}{\sqrt{x}} dx}$
$解：\\ \int{\dfrac{\ln{x}}{\sqrt{x}} dx} \\ = \int{\ln{x}(2\sqrt{x})^{\prime} dx} \\ = 2 \sqrt{x} \ln {x} - \int{(2\sqrt{x})(\ln{x})^{\prime} dx} \\ = 2\sqrt{x}\ln{x} - \int{(2\sqrt{x})\dfrac{1}{x} dx} \\ = 2\sqrt{x}\ln{x} - \int{(4\sqrt{x})^{\prime} dx} \\ = 2\sqrt{x}\ln{x} - 4\sqrt{x} + C$

$8.求\int{\ln(1 + x^2) dx}$
$解:\\ \int{\ln(1 + x^2) dx} \\ = x \ln(1 + x^2) - \int{x [\ln(1 + x^2)]^{\prime} dx} \\ = x \ln(1 + x^2) - \int{x \dfrac{2x}{1 + x^2} dx} \\ = x \ln(1 + x^2) - 2\int{\dfrac{1 + x^2 - 1}{1 + x^2} dx} \\ = x \ln(1 + x^2) - 2\int{dx} + 2\int{\dfrac{1}{1 + x^2} dx} \\ = x \ln(1 + x^2) - 2x + 2\arctan{x} + C$

$9.求若[f^3(x)]^{\prime} = 1,则f(x) = (\ \ {\color{blue}{\sqrt[3]{x + C}} }\ \ )$
$解：\\ [f^3(x)]^{\prime} = 1 \\ \int{[f^3(x)]^{\prime} dx} = \int{1 dx} \\ f^3(x) = x + C \\ f(x) = \sqrt[3]{x + C}$

$10.已知f(x)的一个原函数为\ln{x}, 则\int{x f^{\prime}(x) dx} = (\ \ {\color{blue}{-\ln{x} + C} }\ \ )$
$解：\\ f(x) = (\ln{x})^{\prime} = \dfrac{1}{x} \\ f^{\prime}(x) = (\dfrac{1}{x})^{\prime} = -\dfrac{1}{x^2} \\ \int{x f^{\prime}(x) dx} \\ = \int{x (-\dfrac{1}{x^2}) dx} \\ = -\int{\dfrac{1}{x} dx} \\ = -\ln{x} + C \\ 方法2：\\ \int{x f^{\prime}(x) dx} \\ = \int{x df(x)} \\ = x f(x) - \int{f(x) dx} \\ = x(\ln{x})^{\prime} - ln{x} + C_1 \\ = 1 - \ln{x} + C_1 \\ = -\ln{x} + C$

$11.若f^{\prime}(e^x) = 1 + x,则f(x) = ({\color{blue}{x \ln{x} + C}})$
$解：\\ 令t = e^x,x = ln{t} \\ f^{\prime}(e^x) = 1 + x \\ f^{\prime}(t) = 1 + ln{t} \\ \int{f^{\prime}(t) dt} = \int{(1 + ln{t}) dt} \\ \int{df(t)} = \int{dt} + \int{ln{t} dt} \\ f(t) = t + \int{ln{t} dt} \\ f(t) = t + t \ln{t} - \int{ t (ln{t})^{\prime} dt} \\ = t + t \ln{t} - \int{ t \dfrac{1}{t} dt} \\ = t + t \ln{t} - \int{ dt} \\ = t + t \ln{t} - t + C \\ = t\ln{t} + C \\ 即f(x) = x\ln{x} + C$

$12.求\int{f^{\prime}(2x) dx} = ({\color{blue}{\dfrac{1}{2}f(2x) + C}})$
$解：\\ \int{f^{\prime}(2x) dx} \\ = \dfrac{1}{x}\int{f^{\prime}(2x) d(2x)} \\ = \dfrac{1}{2}f(2x) + C$