线性代数 03.01 矩阵的初等变换

$\color{blue}{第三章 矩阵的初等变换与线性方程组}$

$\color{blue}{\S 第三章 第一节 矩阵的初等变换}$

$\color{blue}{一、引例}$

求解线性方程组
$\left \{ \begin{array}{r} 2x_1 - x_2 - x_3 + x_4 = 2 \quad \quad \ \ ① \\ x_1 + x_2 - 2x_3 + x_4 = 4 \quad \quad \ \ ② \\ 4x_1 - 6x_2 + 2x_3 - 2x_4 = 4 \quad ③\\ 3x_1 + 6x_2 - 9x_3 + 7x_4 = 9 \quad ④\end{array} \right. \tag 1$

$(1) \left. \begin{array}{c} ① \leftrightarrow ② \\ \longrightarrow \\ ③ \div 2 \end{array} \right. \left \{ \begin{array}{r} x_1 + x_2 - 2x_3 + x_4 = 4 \quad \quad \ \ ① \\ 2x_1 - x_2 - x_3 + x_4 = 2 \quad \quad \ \ ② \\ 2x_1 - 3x_2 + x_3 - x_4 = 2 \quad \quad ③\\ 3x_1 + 6x_2 - 9x_3 + 7x_4 = 9 \quad ④\end{array} \right. \tag 2$

$(2) \left. \begin{array}{c} -③ + ② \\ -2① + ③ \\ \longrightarrow \\ -3① + ④ \end{array} \right. \left \{ \begin{array}{l} x_1 + x_2 - 2x_3 + x_4 = 4 \quad \quad \ \ ① \\ \quad 2x_2 - 2x_3 + 2x_4 = 0 \quad \quad \ \ ② \\ - 5x_2 + 5x_3 - 3x_4 = -6 \quad \quad ③\\ \quad + 3x_2 - 3x_3 + 4x_4 = -3 \quad ④\end{array} \right. \tag 3$

$(3) \left. \begin{array}{c} ② \times \frac{1}{2} \\ \longrightarrow \\ ③ + 5② \\ ④ - 3② \end{array} \right. \left \{ \begin{array}{l} x_1 + x_2 - 2x_3 + x_4 = 4 \quad \quad ① \\ \quad \quad \ x_2 - x_3 + x_4 = 0 \quad \quad \ \ ② \\ \qquad \qquad \qquad \quad 2x_4 = -6 \quad ③\\ \qquad \qquad \qquad \quad x_4 = -3 \quad \ \ ④\end{array} \right. \tag 4$

$(4) \left. \begin{array}{c} ③ \leftrightarrow ④ \\ \longrightarrow \\ -2③ + ④ \end{array} \right. \left \{ \begin{array}{l} x_1 + x_2 - 2x_3 + x_4 = 4 \quad \quad ① \\ \quad \quad \ x_2 - x_3 + x_4 = 0 \quad \quad \ \ ② \\ \qquad \qquad \qquad \quad x_4 = -3 \quad ③\\ \qquad \qquad \qquad \qquad 0 = 0 \quad \ \ ④\end{array} \right. \tag 5$

于是得$\left \{ \begin{array}{l}x_1 = x_3 + x_4 \\ x_2 = x_3 + x_4 \\ x_4 = \qquad -3 \end{array} \right.$
$其中x_3可任意取值,或令x_3 = c,\\ 这里c为任意常数,则方程组可记为:$
$x = \begin{pmatrix}x_1 \\ x_2 \\ x_3 \\ x_4 \\ \end{pmatrix} = \begin{pmatrix} c + 4 \\ c + 3 \\ c \\ -3 \\ \end{pmatrix} 即 x = c\begin{pmatrix} 1 \\ 1 \\ 1 \\ 0 \\ \end{pmatrix} + \begin{pmatrix} 4 \\ 3 \\ 0 \\ -3 \\ \end{pmatrix}$
$把上面的方法加以数学抽象,得到增广矩阵B \\ B = (A | b) = \begin{pmatrix} 2 & -1 & -1 & 1 & 2 \\ 1 & 1 & -2 & 1 & 4 \\ 4 & -6 & 2 & -2 & 4 \\ 3 & 6 & -9 & 7 & 9 \\ \end{pmatrix}$

$\color{blue}{二、矩阵初等变换的定义}$

$定义1.下面三种变换称为矩阵的初等变换:\\ (1) 对调矩阵的两行(列); \\ (2) 以数k \neq 0乘矩阵某一行(列)中的所有元素; \\ (3) 把矩阵的某一行(列)所有元素的k倍加到\\另一行(列)对应的元素上去; \\ 矩阵的初等行变换与初等列变换,统称为初等变换.$
$显然,三种初等变换都是可逆的,且其逆变换\\ 是同一类型的初等变换: \\ (1) 对换变换 r_i \leftrightarrow r_j的逆变换就是其本身; \\ (2) 倍乘变换 r_i \times k 的逆变换为 r_i \times \dfrac{1}{k}; \\ (3) 倍加变换 r_i + kr_j的逆变换为r_i + (-k)r_j;$
$如果矩阵A经过有限次初等变换成矩阵B,就称矩阵A与B等价,记作A \sim B.$

$矩阵之间的等价关系具有下列性质:$
$(1) 反身性：A \sim A$
$(2) 对称性：若 A \sim B, 则 B \sim A；$
$(3) 传递性：若A \sim B, B \sim C; 则A \sim C.$
$两个线性方程组同解,就称这两个方程组等价$

$\color{blue}{三、矩阵初等变换的应用}$

$例1.解线性方程组$
$\left \{ \begin{array}{l} 2x_1 - x_2 - x_3 + x_4 = 2 \\ x_1 + x_2 - 2x_3 + x_4 = 4 \\ 4x_1 - 6x_2 + 2x_3 - 2x_4 = 4 \\ 3x_1 + 6x_2 - 9x_3 + 7x_4 = 9 \end{array} \right.$
$解:对线性方程组的增广矩阵B施以行初等变换: \\ B = \begin{pmatrix} 2 & -1 & -1 & 1 & 2 \\ 1 & 1 & -2 & 1 & 4 \\ 4 & -6 & 2 & -2 & 4 \\ 3 & 6 & -9 & 7 & 9 \\ \end{pmatrix} \\ \sim \begin{pmatrix} 1 & 1 & -2 & 1 & 4 \\ 2 & -1 & -1 & 1 & 2 \\ 2 & -3 & 1 & -1 & 2 \\ 3 & 6 & -9 & 7 & 9 \\ \end{pmatrix} \\ \sim \begin{pmatrix} 1 & 1 & -2 & 1 & 4 \\ 0 & 2 & -2 & 2 & 0 \\ 0 & -5 & 5 & -3 & -6 \\ 0 & 3 & -3 & 4 & -3 \\ \end{pmatrix} \\ \sim \begin{pmatrix} 1 & 1 & -2 & 1 & 4 \\ 0 & 1 & -1 & 1 & 0 \\ 0 & 0 & 0 & 2 & -6 \\ 0 & 0 & 0 & 1 & -3 \\ \end{pmatrix} \\ \sim \begin{pmatrix} 1 & 1 & -2 & 1 & 4 \\ 0 & 1 & -1 & 1 & 0 \\ 0 & 0 & 0 & 1 & -3 \\ 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 \\ \end{pmatrix} \\ \sim \begin{pmatrix} 1 & 0 & -1 & 0 & 4 \\ 0 & 1 & -1 & 0 & 3 \\ 0 & 0 & 0 & 1 & -3 \\ 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 \\ \end{pmatrix}$
$从而得到等价方程组 \left \{ \begin{array}{l} x_1 - x_3 = 4 \\ x_2 - x_3 = 3 \\ \qquad x_4 = -3 \\ \end{array} \right.$
$取x_3为自由的未知量,并令x_3 = c，即得:\\ x = \begin{pmatrix} x_1 \\ x_2 \\ x_3 \\ x_4 \\ \end{pmatrix} = \begin{pmatrix} c+4 \\ c+3 \\ c \\ -3 \\ \end{pmatrix} = c\begin{pmatrix} 1 \\ 1 \\ 1 \\ 0 \\ \end{pmatrix} + \begin{pmatrix} 4 \\ 3 \\ 0 \\ -3 \\ \end{pmatrix}\\ 其中c为任意常数$
$1)行阶梯形矩阵: \begin{pmatrix} 1 & 1 & -2 & 1 & 4 \\ 0 & 1 & -1 & 1 & 0 \\ 0 & 0 & 0 & 1 & -3 \\ 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 \\ \end{pmatrix}$
$2)行最简形矩阵: \begin{pmatrix} 1 & 0 & -1 & 0 & 4 \\ 0 & 1 & -1 & 0 & 3 \\ 0 & 0 & 0 & 1 & -3 \\ 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 \\ \end{pmatrix}$

$矩阵的行最简形矩阵是唯一的.要解线性方程组,\\ 只需把增广矩阵化为最简形矩阵.$

3)矩阵的标准形
$使用列变换 \\ \begin{pmatrix} 1 & 0 & -1 & 0 & 4 \\ 0 & 1 & -1 & 0 & 3 \\ 0 & 0 & 0 & 1 & -3 \\ 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 \\ \end{pmatrix} \sim \begin{pmatrix} 1 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & 1 & 0 & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & 0 & 1 & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 \\ \end{pmatrix} = \begin{pmatrix} E_r & 0 \\ 0 & 0 \\ \end{pmatrix}$

$对于任何m \times n矩阵A,总可以通过初等变换把它化为标准形.$
$F = \begin{pmatrix} E_r & 0 \\ 0 & 0 \\ \end{pmatrix}_{m \times n}$
$此标准形由m、n、r三个数完全确定,其中r就是\\ 行阶梯形矩阵中非零行的行数.所有与A等价的矩\\ 阵组成的集合,称为一个等价类,标准形F是这个等\\ 价类中形状最简单的矩阵.$

$例2.设A = \begin{pmatrix} 3 & -2 & 0 & -1 \\ 0 & 2 & 2 & 1 \\ 1 & -2 & -3 & -2 \\ 0 & 1 & 2 & 1 \\ \end{pmatrix},求其标准形.$
$解:\\ A = \begin{pmatrix} 3 & -2 & 0 & -1 \\ 0 & 2 & 2 & 1 \\ 1 & -2 & -3 & -2 \\ 0 & 1 & 2 & 1 \\ \end{pmatrix} \sim \begin{pmatrix} 1 & -2 & -3 & -2 \\ 0 & 2 & 2 & 1 \\ 3 & -2 & 0 & -1 \\ 0 & 1 & 2 & 1 \\ \end{pmatrix} \\ \sim \begin{pmatrix} 1 & -2 & -3 & -2 \\ 0 & 2 & 2 & 1 \\ 0 & 4 & 9 & 5 \\ 0 & 1 & 2 & 1 \\ \end{pmatrix} \sim \begin{pmatrix} 1 & 0 & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & 2 & 2 & 1 \\ 0 & 4 & 9 & 5 \\ 0 & 1 & 2 & 1 \\ \end{pmatrix} \\ \sim \begin{pmatrix} 1 & 0 & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & 1 & 2 & 1 \\ 0 & 2 & 2 & 1 \\ 0 & 4 & 9 & 5 \\ \end{pmatrix} \sim \begin{pmatrix} 1 & 0 & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & 1 & 2 & 1 \\ 0 & 0 & -2 & -1 \\ 0 & 0 & 5 & 3 \\ \end{pmatrix} \\ \sim \begin{pmatrix} 1 & 0 & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & 1 & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & 0 & -2 & -1 \\ 0 & 0 & 5 & 3 \\ \end{pmatrix} \sim \begin{pmatrix} 1 & 0 & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & 1 & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & 0 & -1 & -2 \\ 0 & 0 & 3 & 5 \\ \end{pmatrix} \\ \sim \begin{pmatrix} 1 & 0 & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & 1 & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & 0 & 1 & 0 \\ 0 & 0 & -3 & -1 \\ \end{pmatrix} \sim \begin{pmatrix} 1 & 0 & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & 1 & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & 0 & 1 & 0 \\ 0 & 0 & 0 & 1 \\ \end{pmatrix}$

$任何一个可逆矩阵都等价于同阶数的单位矩阵.$