线性代数 06.05 综合模拟 03

一、填空题
$1.D = \begin{vmatrix} a & 0 & 0 & b \\ 0 & a & b & 0 \\ 0 & c & d & 0 \\ c & 0 & 0 & d \\ \end{vmatrix} = \underline{ \ \ {\color{blue}{(ad - bc)^2} } \ \ }.$
$解:把行列式按第一列展开\\ D = a \begin{vmatrix} a & b & 0 \\ c & d & 0 \\ 0 & 0 & d \\ \end{vmatrix} - c\begin{vmatrix} 0 & 0 & b \\ a & b & 0 \\ c & d & 0 \\ \end{vmatrix} \\ = ad \begin{vmatrix} a & b \\ c & d \\ \end{vmatrix} -bc\begin{vmatrix} a & b \\ c & d \\ \end{vmatrix} \\ = ad(ad - bc) - bc(ad - bc) \\ = (ad - bc)^2$

$2. 设A为四阶方阵,且R(A) = 2,则R(A^{*}) = \underline{ \ \ {\color{blue}{0} } \ \ }.$
$解: \\ 因为A为四阶方阵,且秩为2,所以A的任何3阶余子式为零,\\ 而A的伴随矩阵A^ { * } 的元素为A的3阶代数余子式,\\ 故A^ { * }为零矩阵,所以R(A^{*}) = 0.$

$3.设向量组\alpha_1 = (1, 2, 3)^T, \alpha_2 = (1, 1, 1)^T, \alpha_3 = (1, 3, t)^T\\ 的秩为2,则t = \underline{ \ \ {\color{blue}{5} } \ \ }.$
$解:对下面矩阵作初等行变换 \\ A = \begin{pmatrix} 1 & 1 & 1 \\ 2 & 1 & 3 \\ 3 & 1 & t \\ \end{pmatrix} \sim \begin{pmatrix} 1 & 1 & 1 \\ 0 & -1 & 1 \\ 0 & -2 & t-3 \\ \end{pmatrix} \\ \sim \begin{pmatrix} 1 & 0 & 2 \\ 0 & 1 & -1 \\ 0 & 0 & t-5 \\ \end{pmatrix} \\ 因为\alpha_1, \alpha_2, \alpha_3的秩为2,所以A的秩也为2,故t = 5$

$4.已知n阶可逆矩阵A的任意行和等于2,\\ 则A^2 + 2A^{-1}的一个特征值为\underline{ \ \ {\color{blue}{ 5 } } \ \ }.$
$解:因为A的任意行和为2,所以 \\ \begin{pmatrix} a_{11} & a_{12} & \cdots & a_{1n} \\ a_{21} & a_{22} & \cdots & a_{2n} \\ \cdots & \cdots & \ddots & \cdots \\ a_{n1} & a_{n2} & \cdots & a_{nn} \\ \end{pmatrix} \begin{pmatrix} 1 \\ 1 \\ \vdots \\ 1 \end{pmatrix} = 2 \begin{pmatrix} 1 \\ 1 \\ \vdots \\ 1 \end{pmatrix} \\ 即2为A的一个特征值, x = \begin{pmatrix} 1 & 1 & \cdots & 1 \end{pmatrix}^T \\ 为对应的特征向量, \\ \because Ax = \lambda x, A^2x = \lambda^2 x, A^{-1} x = \dfrac{1}{\lambda} x \\ \lambda = 2 \\ (A^2 + 2A^{-1})x \\ = A^2x + 2A^{-1}x \\ = 4x + x \\ = 5 x,\\ 所以5为A^2 + 2A^{-1}的一个特征值.$

$5.设A,B均为n阶方阵,且|A| = 2, |B| = -4,则 \\ \begin{vmatrix} 2\begin{pmatrix} A^{*} & 0 \\ 0 & B^{-1} \\ \end{pmatrix} \end{vmatrix} = \underline{ \ \ {\color{blue}{-2^{3n - 3}} } \ \ }.$
$解: \begin{vmatrix} 2\begin{pmatrix} A^{*} & 0 \\ 0 & B^{-1} \\ \end{pmatrix} \end{vmatrix} = 2^{2n} \begin{vmatrix} A^{*} & 0 \\ 0 & B^{-1} \\ \end{vmatrix} \\ = 2^{2n}|A^{*}||B^{-1}| \\ = 2^{2n}|A|^{n - 1} \dfrac{1}{|B|} \\ = 2^{2n}2^{n - 1}(-\dfrac{1}{4}) \\ = -2^{3n - 3}$

二、选择题
$1. 设\beta, \alpha_1, \alpha_2 线性相关,\beta, \alpha_2, \alpha_3 线性无关,则正确的结论是({ \ \ {\color{blue}{C} }\ \ })$
$A. \alpha_1, \alpha_2, \alpha_3 线性相关. \\ B. \alpha_1, \alpha_2, \alpha_3 线性无关. \\ C. \alpha_1可由\beta, \alpha_2, \alpha_3线性表示. \\ D. \beta可由\alpha_1, \alpha_2线性表示.$
$解: \because \beta,\alpha_1,\alpha_2线性相关 \\ \therefore \beta,\alpha_1,\alpha_2,\alpha_3线性相关，\\ 令 k_1 \beta + k_2 \alpha_1 + k_3 \alpha_2 + k_4 \alpha_3 = 0, \\ \because \beta,\alpha_2,\alpha_3线性相关 \\ \therefore k_2 \neq 0 \\ \therefore \alpha_1 = -\dfrac{k_1}{k_2} \beta - \dfrac{k_3}{k_2} \alpha_2 -\dfrac{k_4}{k_2} \alpha_3 \\ 即 \alpha_1可由\beta,\alpha_2, \alpha_3 线性表示$

$2.设f = 2x_1^2 + x_2^2 + x_3^2 + 2x_1x_2 + tx_2x_3为正定二次型,\\ 则t的取值范围是({ \ \ {\color{blue}{C} }\ \ })$
$A. t \leq -\sqrt{2} 或 t \geq \sqrt{2}; \quad B.t < -\sqrt{2} 或 t > \sqrt{2}; \\ C. -\sqrt{2} < t < \sqrt{2}; \qquad D. -\sqrt{2} \leq t \leq \sqrt{2}.$
$解: \\ 因为f为正定二次型,所以二次型矩阵A为正定矩阵, \\ 故A的行列式大于0,即 \\ |A| = \begin{vmatrix} 2 & 1 & 0 \\ 1 & 1 & \frac{t}{2} \\ 0 & \frac{t}{2} & 1 \\ \end{vmatrix} = 2 - 1 - \dfrac{t^2}{2} > 0 \\ 即t^2 < 2, \\ \therefore -\sqrt{2} < t < \sqrt{2}$

$3.设A为m \times n矩阵,B为n \times m 矩阵,则下列结论正确的是({ \ \ {\color{blue}{B} }\ \ })$
$A. 当m > n时,必有|AB| \neq 0;$
$B. 当m > n时,必有|AB| = 0;$
$C. 当m< n时,必有|AB| \neq 0;$
$D. 当m < n时,必有|AB| = 0;$
$解: A = \begin{pmatrix} 1 & 1 \end{pmatrix}, B = \begin{pmatrix}1 \\ 1 \end{pmatrix}, \\ |AB| = 1 \\ |BA| = \begin{vmatrix} 1 & 1 \\ 1 & 1 \\ \end{vmatrix} = 0 \\ 因为AB为m阶方阵, 当m > n时,有 \\ R(AB) \leq R(A) \leq n < m, \therefore |AB| = 0.故选B$

$4.A为n阶方阵, 则A^TA必为({ \ \ {\color{blue}{B} }\ \ })$
$A.正交阵; \quad B.对称阵; \quad C.可逆阵; \quad D.正定阵.$
$解: \because (A^TA)^T = A^TA \\ \therefore A^TA对称阵. 选B$

$5.设n阶方阵A,B,C满足ABC = E, 则下列结论正确的是({ \ \ {\color{blue}{D} }\ \ })$
$A. ACB = E; \quad B. CBA = E; \quad C. BAC=E; \quad D. BCA = E.$
$解: 因为ABC = E,所以A可逆,且A的逆矩阵是BC,因此有\\ BCA = E,故选D$

$6.已知A为正交矩阵,则|A|为({ \ \ {\color{blue}{D} }\ \ })$
$A. 1; \quad B. -1; \quad C. 0; \quad D.-1或1.$
$因为A为正交矩阵,所以有 \\ A^{-1} = A^T,即AA^T = E \\ \therefore |AA^T| = 1, \\ \because |AA^T| = |A||A^T| = |A||A|^T = |A|^2 \\ \therefore |A| = \pm 1$

三、计算下列各题:
$1.设三阶矩阵 A = \begin{pmatrix} \alpha \\ 2\gamma_2 \\ 3 \gamma_3 \end{pmatrix}, B = \begin{pmatrix} \beta \\ \gamma_2 \\ \gamma_3 \end{pmatrix}, \\ 其中\alpha,\beta, \gamma_2, \gamma_3均为三维行向量.且|A| = 18, |B| = 2,求|A - B|.$
$解: \\ |A - B| = \begin{vmatrix} \alpha - \beta \\ \gamma_2 \\ 2\gamma_3 \end{vmatrix} = \begin{vmatrix} \alpha - \beta \\ \gamma_2 \\ 2\gamma_3 \end{vmatrix} + \begin{vmatrix} - \beta \\ \gamma_2 \\ 2\gamma_3 \end{vmatrix} \\ = \dfrac{1}{3}\begin{vmatrix} \alpha - \beta \\ 2\gamma_2 \\ 3\gamma_3 \end{vmatrix} - 2\begin{vmatrix} \beta \\ \gamma_2 \\ \gamma_3 \end{vmatrix} \\ = \dfrac{1}{3}|A| - 2|B| \\ = \dfrac{1}{3} \times 18 - 2 \times 2 \\ = 2$

$2.验证\alpha_1 = (2, 0, 0); \alpha_2 = (0, 1, 0); \alpha_3 = (5, 6, 0)是R^3的一个基,\\ 并将\beta = (1, 8, -2)用该基线性表示.$
$解: 因为\alpha_1, \alpha_2, \alpha_3是三个三维向量, \\ 故只需证明它们线性无关即可,\\ 也就是由他们为列构成的矩阵A与单位矩阵E等价,\\ 而\beta由它们线性表示,就是求方程组k_1 \alpha_1 + k_2 \alpha_2 + k_3 \alpha_3 = \beta的解,\\ 因此对矩阵B = (A | \beta) = (\alpha_1, \alpha_2, \alpha_3, \beta)作初等行变换\\ B = \begin{pmatrix} 2 & 0 & 5 & 1 \\ 0 & 1 & 6 & 8 \\ 0 & -1 & 0 & -2 \\ \end{pmatrix} \sim \begin{pmatrix} 2 & 0 & 5 & 1 \\ 0 & 1 & 6 & 8 \\ 0 & 0 & 6 & 6 \\ \end{pmatrix} \\ \sim \begin{pmatrix} 1 & 0 & 0 & -2 \\ 0 & 1 & 0 & 2 \\ 0 & 0 & 1 & 1 \\ \end{pmatrix} \\ 即k_1 = -2, k_2 = 2, k_3 = 1 \\ 所以,\alpha_1, \alpha_2, \alpha_3线性无关,\\ 即为R^3的一个基,且\beta由\alpha_1,\alpha_2, \alpha_3表示为:\\ \beta = -2\alpha_1 + 2 \alpha_2 + \alpha_3$

$3.四元非齐次线性方程组AX = b,且R(A) = 2,\\ 已知\alpha_1, \alpha_2, \alpha_3是它的三个解向量,求其通解.其中:\\ \alpha_1 + \alpha_2 = \begin{pmatrix} 2 \\ 4 \\ -1 \\ 6 \end{pmatrix}, \alpha_2 + \alpha_3 = \begin{pmatrix} 3 \\ 5 \\ 0 \\ 1 \end{pmatrix}, \alpha_3 + \alpha_1 = \begin{pmatrix} 2 \\ 0 \\ 0 \\ 1 \end{pmatrix}$
$解: 由于非齐次线性方程AX = b为四元,且R(A) = 2，\\ 所以对应的齐次线性方程组的基础解系含有两个解向量,\\ \because \alpha_1, \alpha_2, \alpha_3为AX =b的解, \\ \therefore \eta^{*} = \dfrac{1}{2}(\alpha_1 +\alpha_2) = \begin{pmatrix} 1 \\ 2 \\ -\dfrac{1}{2} \\ 3 \end{pmatrix} \\ \because \beta_1 = \alpha_1 - \alpha_3 = \begin{pmatrix} -1 \\ -1 \\ -1 \\ 5 \end{pmatrix} \beta_2= \alpha_1 - \alpha_2 = \begin{pmatrix} -1 \\ -5 \\ 0 \\ 0 \end{pmatrix} \\ 为方程组AX = 0的两个解,且是线性无关的,所以可以作为基础解系,\\ 因此非齐次线性方程组的通解为: \\ X = k_1 \beta_1 + k_2 \beta_2 + \eta^{*}, (k_1, k_2 \in R)$

$4.设二阶方阵A满足 P^{-1}AP = \begin{pmatrix} 1 & 0 \\ 0 & -1 \end{pmatrix},求A^n.$
$解:由已知得\\ A = P\begin{pmatrix} 1 & 0 \\ 0 & -1 \end{pmatrix}P^{-1} \\ A^n = P\begin{pmatrix} 1 & 0 \\ 0 & (-1)^n \end{pmatrix}P^{-1}$

$5.设向量组A:\\ \alpha_1 = (1, 0, 2, 1), \alpha_2 = (1, 2, 0, 1), \alpha_3 = (2, 1, 3, 0), \\ \alpha_4 = (2, 5, -1, 4), \alpha_5 = (1, -1, 3, -1), \\ 求:秩\lbrace \alpha_1, \alpha_2, \alpha_3, \alpha_4, \alpha_5 \rbrace 及一个极大无关组(写出计算过程).$
$解:由\alpha_1, \alpha_2, \alpha_3, \alpha_4, \alpha_5为例构成矩阵A,并对其作初等行变换, \\ A = \begin{pmatrix} 1 & 1 & 2 & 2 & 1 \\ 0 & 2 & 1 & 5 & -1 \\ 2 & 0 & 3 & -1 & 3 \\ 1 & 1 & 0 & 4 & -1 \\ \end{pmatrix} \\ \sim \begin{pmatrix} 1 & 1 & 2 & 2 & 1 \\ 0 & 2 & 1 & 5 & -1 \\ 0 & -2 & -1 & -5 & 1 \\ 0 & 0 & -2 & 2 & -2 \\ \end{pmatrix} \\ \sim \begin{pmatrix} 1 & 1 & 2 & 2 & 1 \\ 0 & 2 & 1 & 5 & -1 \\ 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & 0 & 1 & -1 & 1 \\ \end{pmatrix} \sim \begin{pmatrix} 1 & 1 & 2 & 2 & 1 \\ 0 & 2 & 1 & 5 & -1 \\ 0 & 0 & 1 & -1 & 1 \\ 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 \\ \end{pmatrix} \\ \sim \begin{pmatrix} 1 & 1 & 0 & 4 & -1 \\ 0 & 2 & 0 & 6 & -2 \\ 0 & 0 & 1 & -1 & 1 \\ 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 \\ \end{pmatrix} \\ \sim \begin{pmatrix} 1 & 0 & 0 & 1 & 0 \\ 0 & 1 & 0 & 3 & -1 \\ 0 & 0 & 1 & -1 & 1 \\ 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 \\ \end{pmatrix} \\ 所以,秩\lbrace \alpha_1, \alpha_2, \alpha_3, \alpha_4, \alpha_5 \rbrace 为 3, \\ \alpha_1, \alpha_2, \alpha_3为一个极大无关组.$

$四、设线性方程组$
$\left \{ \begin{array}{l} x_1 - 3x_2 + 4x_3 = -2 \\ 3x_1 - 2x_2 + x_3 + x_4 = 1 \\ 3x_1 + x_2 - 2x_3 - 2x_4 = 4 \end{array} \right.$
$判断其相容性,若相容(相容即有解),求其所有解.$
$解:对增广矩阵B = (A | b) 作初等行变换, \\ B = \begin{pmatrix} 1 & -3 & 4 & 0 & -2 \\ 3 & -2 & 1 & 1 & 1 \\ 3 & 1 & -2 & -2 & 4 \\ \end{pmatrix} \sim \begin{pmatrix} 1 & -3 & 4 & 0 & -2 \\ 0 & 7 & -11 & 1 & 7 \\ 0 & 10 & -14 & -2 & 10 \\ \end{pmatrix} \\ \sim \begin{pmatrix} 1 & -3 & 4 & 0 & -2 \\ 0 & 7 & -11 & 1 & 7 \\ 0 & 3 & -3 & -3 & 3 \\ \end{pmatrix} \sim \begin{pmatrix} 1 & 0 & 1 & -3 & 1 \\ 0 & 0 & -4 & 8 & 0 \\ 0 & 1 & -1 & -1 & 1 \\ \end{pmatrix} \\ \sim \begin{pmatrix} 1 & 0 & 1 & -3 & 1 \\ 0 & 1 & -1 & -1 & 1 \\ 0 & 0 & 1 & -2 & 0 \\ \end{pmatrix} \sim \begin{pmatrix} 1 & 0 & 0 & -1 & 1 \\ 0 & 1 & 0 & -3 & 1 \\ 0 & 0 & 1 & -2 & 0 \\ \end{pmatrix} \\ 可知R(A) = R(B) = 3,所以方程组是相容的,其同解方程组为$
$\left \{ \begin{array}{l} x_1 = x_4 + 1 \\ x_2 = 3x_4 + 1 \\ x_3 = 2x_4 \end{array} \right.$
$取x_4为自由未知数,得方程组的所有解为$
$\left \{ \begin{array}{l} x_1 = c + 1 \\ x_2 = 3c + 1 \\ x_3 = 2c \\ x_4 = c \end{array} \right. (C \in R)$

$五、设方阵A = \begin{pmatrix} 2 & 0 & 4 \\ 0 & 6 & 0 \\ 4 & 0 & 2 \\ \end{pmatrix} \\ 问:A是否可以对角化,若可以,求出一个正交阵,使其化为对角化.$
$解:因为A是一个实对称矩阵,所以比存在一个正交矩阵P,\\ 使P^{-1}AP = \Lambda,即A能对角化;\\ 解特征方程 |A - \lambda E| = 0得A得全部特征值. \\ |A - \lambda E| = \begin{vmatrix} 2 - \lambda & 0 & 4 \\ 0 & 6 - \lambda & 0 \\ 4 & 0 & 2 - \lambda \\ \end{vmatrix} \\ = (6 - \lambda)[(2 - \lambda)^2 - 4 \times 4] \\ = -(\lambda + 2)(\lambda - 6)^2 = 0 \\ 得\lambda_1 = \lambda_2 = 6, \lambda_3 = -2 \\ 当\lambda_1 = \lambda_2 = 6时, 解方程组(A - 6 E) X = 0，即\\ (A - 6 E) = \begin{pmatrix} -4 & 0 & 4 \\ 0 & 0 & 0 \\ 4 & 0 & -4 \\ \end{pmatrix} \sim \begin{pmatrix} 1 & 0 & -1 \\ 0 & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & 0 & 0 \\ \end{pmatrix} \\ 基础解系的解向量为: \xi_1 = \begin{pmatrix}0 \\ 1 \\ 0 \end{pmatrix}, \xi_2 = \begin{pmatrix}1 \\ 0 \\ 1 \end{pmatrix},\\ \xi_1与\xi_2已经正交，只需单位化取:\\ e_1 = \xi_1 = \begin{pmatrix}0 \\ 1 \\ 0 \end{pmatrix}, e_2 = \dfrac{1}{\sqrt{2}}\xi_2 = \dfrac{1}{\sqrt{2}}\begin{pmatrix}1 \\ 0 \\ 1 \end{pmatrix}, \\ 当\lambda_3 = -2, (A + 2E) X = 0,即\\ A + 2E = \begin{pmatrix} 4 & 0 & 4 \\ 0 & 8 & 0 \\ 4 & 0 & 4 \\ \end{pmatrix} \sim \begin{pmatrix} 1 & 0 & 1 \\ 0 & 1 & 0 \\ 0 & 0 & 0 \\ \end{pmatrix} \\ 得基础解系得解向量为\xi_3 = \begin{pmatrix}-1 \\ 0 \\ 1 \end{pmatrix}, \\ 单位化 e_3 = \dfrac{1}{\sqrt{2}} \xi_3 = \dfrac{1}{\sqrt{2}}\begin{pmatrix}-1 \\ 0 \\ 1 \end{pmatrix}, \\ 以e_1,e_2,e_3为列构成的矩阵P即为所求的正交矩阵,即\\ P^{-1}AP = \Lambda = \begin{pmatrix} 6 & & \\ & 6 & \\ & & -2 \\ \end{pmatrix}, 其中P = \begin{pmatrix} 0 & \dfrac{1}{\sqrt{2}} & -\dfrac{1}{\sqrt{2}} \\ 1 & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & \dfrac{1}{\sqrt{2}} & \dfrac{1}{\sqrt{2}} \\ \end{pmatrix}$

$六、设二次型\\ f = 2x_1^2 + 3x_2^2 + 3x_3^2 + 4x_2x_3 \\ 用正交变换法将其化为标准形,并写出所用的正交变换.$
$解: \\ ①二次型矩阵为 A = \begin{pmatrix} 2 & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & 3 & 2 \\ 0 & 2 & 3 \\ \end{pmatrix} \\ ② 根据|A - \lambda E | = 0,求出A的全部特征值. \\ |A - \lambda E | = \begin{vmatrix} 2 - \lambda & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & 3 - \lambda & 2 \\ 0 & 2 & 3 - \lambda \\ \end{vmatrix} \\ = (2 - \lambda)[(3 - \lambda)^2 - 4] \\ = (2 - \lambda)(\lambda^2 - 6 \lambda + 5) \\ = -(\lambda -1)(\lambda -2)(\lambda - 5) = 0 \\ 解得特征值为:\lambda_1 = 1, \lambda_2 = 2, \lambda_3 = 5 \\ ③根据(A - \lambda E) x = 0,求A的特征向量. \\ 当\lambda_1 = 1时, \\ A - E = \begin{pmatrix} 1 & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & 2 & 2 \\ 0 & 2 & 2 \\ \end{pmatrix} \sim \begin{pmatrix} 1 & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & 1 & 1 \\ 0 & 0 & 0 \\ \end{pmatrix} \\ 得基础解系为\xi_1 = \begin{pmatrix} 0 \\ -1 \\ 1 \end{pmatrix},\\ 单位化e_1 = \dfrac{1}{\sqrt{2}}\begin{pmatrix} 0 \\ -1 \\ 1 \end{pmatrix}, \\ 当\lambda_2 = 2时, \\ A - 2E = \begin{pmatrix} 0 & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & 1 & 2 \\ 0 & 2 & 1 \\ \end{pmatrix} \sim \begin{pmatrix} 0 & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & 1 & 0 \\ 0 & 0 & 1 \\ \end{pmatrix} \\ 得基础解系为:\xi_2 = \begin{pmatrix} 1 \\ 0 \\ 0 \end{pmatrix} \\ 单位化 e_2 = \begin{pmatrix} 1 \\ 0 \\ 0 \end{pmatrix} \\ 当\lambda_2 = 5时, \\ A - 5E = \begin{pmatrix} -3 & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & -2 & 2 \\ 0 & 2 & -2 \\ \end{pmatrix} \sim \begin{pmatrix} 1 & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & 1 & -1 \\ 0 & 0 & 0 \\ \end{pmatrix} \\ 得基础解系为:\xi_3 = \begin{pmatrix} 0 \\ 1 \\ 1 \end{pmatrix}, \\ 单位化:e_3 = \dfrac{1}{\sqrt{2}}\begin{pmatrix} 0 \\ 1 \\ 1 \end{pmatrix}, \\ ④由e_1, e_2, e_3为列向量作正交矩阵P, \\ P = \begin{pmatrix} 0 & 1 & 0 \\ -\dfrac{1}{\sqrt{2}} & 0 & \dfrac{1}{\sqrt{2}} \\ \dfrac{1}{\sqrt{2}} & 0 & \dfrac{1}{\sqrt{2}} \\ \end{pmatrix}, \\ 易验证:\\ P^{-1}AP = \Lambda = \begin{pmatrix} 1 & & \\ & 2 & \\ & & 5 \\ \end{pmatrix} \\ ⑤所以二次型化为正交变换x = Py化为标准形\\ f = y_1^2 + 2y_2^2 + 5y_3^2 \\ 所用得正交变换为:\\ x = Py = \begin{pmatrix} 0 & 1 & 0 \\ -\dfrac{1}{\sqrt{2}} & 0 & \dfrac{1}{\sqrt{2}} \\ \dfrac{1}{\sqrt{2}} & 0 & \dfrac{1}{\sqrt{2}} \\ \end{pmatrix} \begin{pmatrix} y_1 \\ y_2 \\ y_3 \end{pmatrix}$