1、逻辑表达式
or(||)、and(&&)、not(!);
在c++中,逻辑or和逻辑and运算符都低于关系运算符。
还有,!运算符的优先级高于所有的关系运算符和算数运算符。
逻辑and 运算符的优先级高于逻辑or运算符。
2、字符函数库cctype
如果ch是一个字母,则isalpha(ch)函数返回一个非零值,否则返回0。同样,如果ch是标点符号(如逗号或句号),函数ispunct(ch)将返回true。(这些函数的返回类型是int,而不是bool,但通常bool转换让我们能够将他们视为bool类型。)
3、?:运算符(也就是条件运算符)
常被用来代替if else 语句的运算符,它是c++中唯一一个需要三个操作数的运算符。
expression1 ? expression2 :expression3
如果experssion1为true,这整个条件表达式的值为experssion2 的值;否则,整个表达式的值为expression3的值。
例如:
5>3 ? 10 : 12 //因为5>3,所有表达式的值为10;反之,则表达式的值为12;
4、switch语句
在大型列表中进行选择,创建屏幕菜单,是最好的选择。
switch( )
{
case 1:
{
...
break;
}
....
default:
break;
}
showmenu()函数显示一组选项。再使用switch语句,根据用户的反应执行相应的操作。
5、将枚举量用作标签
程序在使用enum定义一组相关的常量,在switch语句中使用这些常量,通常,cin无法识别枚举类型,因此该程序要求用户在选择选项时输入一个整数,当switch语句将int值和枚举量标签进行比较时,将枚举量提升为int,还有,在while循环测试条件中,也会将枚举量提升为int类型。
6、读取数字的循环
#include <iostream>
#include <string>
#include <ctime>
#include <istream>
using namespace std;
const int max = 5;
int main()
{
using namespace std;
int i=0,n,sum=0;
int weight[max];
cout << "fish #1:";
while( i< max&&cin >> weight[i])
{
i++;
if (i < max)
{
cout << "fish #" << i + 1 << ";";
}
}
for (i = 0; i < max; i++)
{
sum = sum + weight[i];
}
if (i == 0)
cout << "暂无鱼!" << endl;
else
{
sum = sum / i;
cout << "捕鱼数量:" << sum<< endl;
}
return 0;
}
7、c++中发现输入了错误的内容时,采取以下步骤:
重置cin用来接受新的输入。
删除错误输入。
提示用户再输入。
程序必须先重置cin,然后才能删除错误输入。
8、简单文件输入和输出
声明对象:
ofstream outFile;
ofstream fout;
将这种对象与特定的文件关联起来:
outFole.open("fish.txt");
char filoename[50];
cin >> filename;
fout.open(filename);
8.1读取文本文件
将对象与特定的文件相关联起来:
inFile.open("bowing.txt");
char filename[50];
cin>>filename;
fin.open(filename);
第一题:
#include <iostream>
#include <string>
#include <ctime>
#include <istream>
using namespace std;
int main()
{
char ch = 0;
while ((ch = cin.get()) != '@')
{
if (isdigit(ch))
{
continue;
}
else if (islower(ch))
{
cout << (char)toupper(ch);
}
else if (isupper(ch))
{
cout << (char)tolower(ch);
}
}
cout << endl;
cout << "Done!" << endl;
return 0;
}
第四题:
#include <iostream>
#include <string>
#include <ctime>
using namespace std;
const unsigned int strsize = 100;
struct bop
{
char fullname[strsize];//名字
char title[strsize];//职务头衔
char bopname[strsize];
int preference; //0=fullname,1=title,2=bopname;偏爱
};
void display_by_name(const struct bop *appdata, unsigned int size)
{
for (size_t i = 0; i < size; i++)
{
cout << appdata[i].fullname << endl;
}
}
void display_by_title(const struct bop *appdata, unsigned int size)
{
for (size_t i = 0; i < size; i++)
{
cout << appdata[i].title << endl;
}
}
void display_by_bopname(const struct bop *appdata, unsigned int size)
{
for (size_t i = 0; i < size; i++)
{
cout << appdata[i].bopname << endl;
}
}
void display_by_preference(const struct bop *appdata, unsigned int size)
{
for (size_t i = 0; i < size; i++)
{
if (appdata[i].preference == 0)
{
cout << appdata[i].fullname << endl;
}
else if (appdata[i].preference == 1)
{
cout << appdata[i].title << endl;
}
else if (appdata[i].preference == 2)
{
cout << appdata[i].bopname << endl;
}
}
}
int main()
{
const struct bop appdata[5] =
{
{"wimp macho","aaaa","bbbb",0},
{"Raki Rhodes","cccc","dddd",1},
{"Celia Laiter","eeee","ffff",2},
{"Hoppy Hipman","gggg","hhhh",0},
{"Pat Hand","iiii","jjjj",1}
};
char ch=0;
int floats = 0;
using namespace std;
cout << "benebloent order of programmers report:";
cout << "a.display by name" << endl;
cout << "b.display by title" << endl;
cout << "c.display by bopname" << endl;
cout << "d.display by preference" << endl;
cout << "q.quit" << endl;
cout << "Enter your choice:";
while (cin >> ch)
{
if (ch == 'q')
{
break;
}
switch (ch)
{
case 'a':
display_by_name(appdata, 5);
break;
case 'b':
display_by_title(appdata, 5);
break;
case 'c':
display_by_bopname(appdata, 5);
break;
case 'd':
display_by_preference(appdata, 5);
break;
default:
break;
}
cout << "Next choice: ";
}
cout << "Bye!" << endl;
return 0;
}
第五题:
#include <iostream>
#include <string>
#include <ctime>
using namespace std;
int main()
{
int income;
int tax;
while (cin >> income)
{
if (income >= 0)
{
if (income <= 5000)
{
cout << "您不需缴纳税款!" << endl;
}
else if (income > 5000 && income <= 15000)
{
tax = 5000 * 0 + (income - 5000)*0.1;
cout << tax << endl;
}
else if (income > 15000 && income <= 35000)
{
tax = 5000 * 0 + 10000 * 0.1 + (income-15000)*0.15;
cout << tax << endl;
}
else if (income > 35000)
{
tax = 5000 * 0 + 10000 * 0.1 + 20000 * 0.15 + (income - 35000)*0.2;
cout << tax << endl;
}
}
else
{
break;
}
}
return 0;
}
第六题:
#include <iostream>
#include <string>
#include <ctime>
#include <istream>
using namespace std;
struct informa
{
string name;
double money;
};
int main()
{
unsigned int num=0;
cout << "捐献者的数量:";
cin >> num;
cin.get();
struct informa * data = new struct informa[num];//创建动态分配的结构数组中
for(int i=0;i<num;i++)
{
cout << "第" << i+1 << "个捐献者姓名:";
getline(cin,data[i].name);
cout << "捐款金额:";
cin >> data[i].money;
cin.get();
}
int temp = 0;
cout << "重要捐款人:" << endl;
for (int i = 0; i < num; i++)
{
if (data[i].money > 10000)
{
cout << "捐款者姓名:" << data[i].name << endl;
cout << "捐款金额:" << data[i].money << endl;
temp++;
}
}
if (temp == 0)
cout << "none!" << endl;
int tmp = 0;
cout << "Patrons:" << endl;
for (int i = 0; i < num; i++)
{
if (data[i].money < 10000)
{
cout << "捐款者姓名:" << data[i].name << endl;
cout << "捐款金额:" << data[i].money << endl;
tmp++;
}
}
if (tmp == 0)
cout << "none!" << endl;
return 0;
}
第三题:
#include <iostream>
#include <string>
#include <ctime>
#include <istream>
using namespace std;
int main()
{
using namespace std;
cout << "please enter one of the following choices:"<<endl;
cout << "c) carnivore"<<endl;
cout << "p) pianist" << endl;
cout << "t) tree" << endl;
cout << "g) game" << endl;
char ch=0;
bool floats = 0;
while (cin >> ch&&!floats)
{
switch(ch)
{
case 'c':
{
cout << "A maple is a carnivore." << endl;
floats = 1;
break;
}
case 'p':
{
cout << "A maple is a pianist." << endl;
floats = 1;
break;
}
case 't':
{
cout << "A maple is a tree." << endl;
floats = 1;
break;
}
case 'g':
{
cout << "A maple is a game." << endl;
floats = 1;
break;
}
default:
{
cout << "Please enter a c, p, t, or g:" << endl;
break;
}
}
}
return 0;
}
第七题:
#include <iostream>
#include <string>
#include <ctime>
#include <istream>
using namespace std;
int main()
{
using namespace std;
int vowels = 0;
int consonants = 0;
int others = 0;
string input;
cout << "Enter words (q to quit):" << endl;
while ((cin >> input))
{
if (input.length() == 1 && input[0] == 'q')
{
break;
}
if (isalpha(input[0]))
{
if (input[0] == 'a' || input[0] == 'e' || input[0] == 'i' || input[0] == 'o' || input[0] == 'u')
{
vowels++;
}
else
consonants++;
}
else
others++;
}
cout << vowels << " words beginning with vowels" << endl;
cout << consonants << " words beginning with consonants" << endl;
cout << others << " otners" << endl;
return 0;
}