包含聚集的物化视图
1.必须满足所有快速刷新物化视图都满足的条件;
2.物化视图查询的所有表必须建立物化视图日志,且物化视图日志必须满足下列限制:
(1)包含物化视图查询语句中的所有列,包括SELECT列表中的列和WHERE语句中的列;
(2)必须指明ROWID和INCLUDING NEW VALUES;
(3)如果对基本的操作同时包括INSERT、UPDATE和DELETE操作(即不是只包含INSERT操作),那么物化视图日志应该包括SEQUENCE。
3.允许的聚集函数包括:SUM、COUNT、AVG、STDDEV、VARIANCE、MIN和MAX;
4.必须指定COUNT(*);
不加COUNT(*),建立快速刷新的物化视图会成功,但通过执行EXPLAIN_MVIEW过程,可以发现,COUNT(*)对于INSERT操作是可以快速刷新的,不过对于UPDATE和DELETE则会造成快速刷新的失败。
5.如果指明了除COUNT之外的聚集函数,则COUNT(expr)也必须存在;
比如:包含SUM(a),则必须同时包含COUNT(a)。
6.如果指明了VARIANCE(expr)或STDDEV(expr),除了COUNT(expr)外,SUM(expr)也必须指明;
Oracle推荐同时包括SUM(expr*expr)。
7.SELECT列表中必须包括所有的GROUP BY列;
8.当物化视图属于下面的某种情况,则快速刷新只支持常规DML插入和直接装载,这种类型的物化视图又称为INSERT-ONLY物化视图;
物化视图包含MIN或MAX聚集函数;
物化视图包含SUM(expr),但是没有包括COUNT(expr);
物化视图没有包含COUNT(*)。
注意:如果建立了这种物化视图且刷新机制是ON COMMIT的,则会存在潜在的问题。当出现了UPDATE或DELETE语句,除非手工完全刷新解决这个问题,否则物化视图至此以后都不再自动刷新,且不会报任何错误。
9.如果包含inline views、outer joins、self joins或grouping set,则兼容性的设置必须在9.0以上;
10.如果物化视图建立在视图或子查询上,则要求视图必须可以完全合并的。
11.如果没有外连接,则对WHERE语句没有限制。如果包含外连接,则要求WHERE语句只能包括AND连接和“=”操作。对于包含外连接的聚集物化视图,快速刷新支持outer表的修改。且inter表的连接列上必须存在唯一约束。
12.对于包含了ROLLUP、CUBE、GROUPINGSET的物化视图必须满足下列限制条件:
SELECT语句列表中应该包含GROUPING标识符:可以是GROUP BY表达式中所有列的GROUPING_ID函数,也可以是GROUP BY表达式中每一列的GROUPING函数;
例如:GROUP BY语句为:GROUP BY CUBE(a, b),则SELECT列表应该包括GROUPING_ID(a,b)或者GROUPING(a)和GROUPING(b)。
GROUPBY不能产生重复的GROUPING。
比如:GROUP BY a,ROLLUP(a, b)则不支持快速刷新,因为包含了重复的GROUPING:(a), (a,b), (a)。
案例分析:
1)
12:15:24 SCOTT@ prod> create MATERIALIZED VIEW log on emp with primary key;
Materialized view log created.
12:16:00 SCOTT@ prod> CREATE MATERIALIZED VIEW "SCOTT"."EMP_MVW"
12:17:52 2 refresh fast with primary key
12:17:59 3 enable query rewrite
12:18:06 4 as
12:18:08 5 select empno,max(sal) max_sal,avg(sal) avg_sal,min(sal) min_sal,sum(sal) sum_sal from emp
12:18:27 6 group by empno;
select empno,max(sal) max_sal,avg(sal) avg_sal,min(sal) min_sal,sum(sal) sum_sal from emp
*
ERROR at line 5:
ORA-12015: cannot create a fast refresh materialized view from a complex query
2)
12:44:24 SCOTT@ prod> CREATE MATERIALIZED VIEW "SCOTT"."EMP_MVW"
12:44:51 2 refresh fast with primary key
12:44:51 3 enable query rewrite
12:44:51 4 AS select deptno,max(sal) max_sal,avg(sal) avg_sal,min(sal) min_sal,sum(sal) sum_sal ,count(sal) cnt_sal from emp group by deptno;
AS select deptno,max(sal) max_sal,avg(sal) avg_sal,min(sal) min_sal,sum(sal) sum_sal ,count(sal) cnt_sal from emp group by deptno
*
ERROR at line 4:
ORA-12032: cannot use rowid column from materialized view log on "SCOTT"."EMP"
3)
12:45:50 SCOTT@ prod> drop MATERIALIZED VIEW log on emp;
Materialized view log dropped.
12:48:12 SCOTT@ prod> create MATERIALIZED VIEW log on emp with rowid;
Materialized view log created.
12:48:24 SCOTT@ prod> CREATE MATERIALIZED VIEW "SCOTT"."EMP_MVW"
12:48:43 2 refresh fast
12:48:43 3 enable query rewrite
12:48:43 4 AS select deptno,max(sal) max_sal,avg(sal) avg_sal,min(sal) min_sal,sum(sal) sum_sal ,count(sal) cnt_sal from emp group by deptno;
AS select deptno,max(sal) max_sal,avg(sal) avg_sal,min(sal) min_sal,sum(sal) sum_sal ,count(sal) cnt_sal from emp group by deptno
*
ERROR at line 4:
ORA-32401: materialized view log on "SCOTT"."EMP" does not have new values
4)
12:48:43 SCOTT@ prod> drop MATERIALIZED VIEW log on emp;
Materialized view log dropped.
12:49:04 SCOTT@ prod> create MATERIALIZED VIEW log on emp with rowid including new values;
Materialized view log created.
12:49:39 SCOTT@ prod> CREATE MATERIALIZED VIEW "SCOTT"."EMP_MVW"
12:49:54 2 refresh fast
12:49:54 3 enable query rewrite
12:49:54 4 AS select deptno,max(sal) max_sal,avg(sal) avg_sal,min(sal) min_sal,sum(sal) sum_sal ,count(sal) cnt_sal from emp group by deptno;
AS select deptno,max(sal) max_sal,avg(sal) avg_sal,min(sal) min_sal,sum(sal) sum_sal ,count(sal) cnt_sal from emp group by deptno
*
ERROR at line 4:
ORA-12033: cannot use filter columns from materialized view log on "SCOTT"."EMP"
5)
12:49:55 SCOTT@ prod> drop MATERIALIZED VIEW log on emp;
Materialized view log dropped.
12:51:16 SCOTT@ prod> create MATERIALIZED VIEW log on emp with rowid,sequence(sal,deptno) including new values;
Materialized view log created.
12:52:13 SCOTT@ prod> CREATE MATERIALIZED VIEW "SCOTT"."EMP_MVW"
12:52:32 2 refresh fast with rowid
12:52:32 3 enable query rewrite
12:52:32 4 AS select deptno,max(sal) max_sal,avg(sal) avg_sal,min(sal) min_sal,sum(sal) sum_sal ,count(sal) cnt_sal from emp group by deptno;
Materialized view created.
--------- 至此,带有分组和聚合函数的物化视图创建成功!