C/C++指针详解---转载自：沉晓：https://blog.csdn.net/qq_42322103/article/details/99087036

基础部分

• 关于内存
• 物理存储器和存储地址空间
• 关于内存地址

• 指针和指针变量
• • 指针变量的定义和使用
  • 通过指针间接修改变量的值
  • 指针大小
  • 野指针和空指针
  • 万能指针void
  • const修饰的指针变量
• 指针和数组
• • 数组名
  • 指针操作数组元素
  • 指针加减运算
  • 指针数组
  • 多级指针
• 指针和函数
• • 函数形参改变实参的值
  • 数组名做函数参数
  • 指针做为函数的返回值
• 指针和字符串
• • 字符指针
  • 字符指针做函数参数
  • const修饰的指针变量
  • 指针数组做为main函数的形参
  • 常用字符串应用模型
  • 指针小结

基础部分

关于内存

内存含义：

• 存储器：计算机的组成中，用来存储程序和数据，辅助CPU进行运算处理的重要部分。
• 内存：内部存贮器，暂存程序/数据——掉电丢失 SRAM、DRAM、DDR、DDR2、DDR3。
• 外存：外部存储器，长时间保存程序/数据—掉电不丢ROM、ERRROM、FLASH（NAND、NOR）、硬盘、光盘。

内存是沟通CPU与硬盘的桥梁：

• 暂存放CPU中的运算数据
• 暂存与硬盘等外部存储器交换的数据

物理存储器和存储地址空间

有关内存的两个概念：物理存储器和存储地址空间。

物理存储器：实际存在的具体存储器芯片。

• 主板上装插的内存条
• 显示卡上的显示RAM芯片
• 各种适配卡上的RAM芯片和ROM芯片

存储地址空间：对存储器编码的范围。我们在软件上常说的内存是指这一层含义。

• 编码：对每个物理存储单元（一个字节）分配一个号码
• 寻址：可以根据分配的号码找到相应的存储单元，完成数据的读写

关于内存地址

内存地址

• 将内存抽象成一个很大的一维字符数组。
• 编码就是对内存的每一个字节分配一个32位或64位的编号（与32位或者64位处理器相关）。
• 这个内存编号我们称之为内存地址。

内存中的每一个数据都会分配相应的地址：

• char:占一个字节分配一个地址
• int: 占四个字节分配四个地址
• float、struct、函数、数组等

指针和指针变量

指针：

• 内存区的每一个字节都有一个编号，这就是“地址”。
• 如果在程序中定义了一个变量，在对程序进行编译或运行时，系统就会给这个变量分配内存单元，并确定它的内存地址(编号)
• 指针的实质就是内存“地址”。指针就是地址，地址就是指针。
• 指针是内存单元的编号，指针变量是存放地址的变量。
• 通常我们叙述时会把指针变量简称为指针，实际他们含义并不一样。

指针变量的定义和使用

• 指针也是一种数据类型，指针变量也是一种变量
• 指针变量指向谁，就把谁的地址赋值给指针变量
• “*”操作符操作的是指针变量指向的内存空间

#include <stdio.h>

int main()
{
int a = 0;
char b = 100;
printf("%p, %p\n", &a, &b); //打印a, b的地址

<span class="token comment">//int *代表是一种数据类型，int*指针类型，p才是变量名</span>
<span class="token comment">//定义了一个指针类型的变量，可以指向一个int类型变量的地址</span>
<span class="token keyword">int</span> <span class="token operator">*</span>p<span class="token punctuation">;</span>
p <span class="token operator">=</span> <span class="token operator">&amp;</span>a<span class="token punctuation">;</span><span class="token comment">//将a的地址赋值给变量p，p也是一个变量，值是一个内存地址编号</span>
<span class="token function">printf</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token string">"%d\n"</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> <span class="token operator">*</span>p<span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span><span class="token comment">//p指向了a的地址，*p就是a的值</span>

<span class="token keyword">char</span> <span class="token operator">*</span>p1 <span class="token operator">=</span> <span class="token operator">&amp;</span>b<span class="token punctuation">;</span>
<span class="token function">printf</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token string">"%c\n"</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> <span class="token operator">*</span>p1<span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span><span class="token comment">//*p1指向了b的地址，*p1就是b的值</span>

<span class="token keyword">return</span> <span class="token number">0</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>

}

• 1
• 2
• 3
• 4
• 5
• 6
• 7
• 8
• 9
• 10
• 11
• 12
• 13
• 14
• 15
• 16
• 17
• 18
• 19

通过指针间接修改变量的值

int a = 0;
	int b = 11;
	int *p = &a;
<span class="token operator">*</span>p <span class="token operator">=</span> <span class="token number">100</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
<span class="token function">printf</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token string">"a = %d, *p = %d\n"</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> a<span class="token punctuation">,</span> <span class="token operator">*</span>p<span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>

p <span class="token operator">=</span> <span class="token operator">&amp;</span>b<span class="token punctuation">;</span>
<span class="token operator">*</span>p <span class="token operator">=</span> <span class="token number">22</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
<span class="token function">printf</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token string">"b = %d, *p = %d\n"</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> b<span class="token punctuation">,</span> <span class="token operator">*</span>p<span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>

• 1
• 2
• 3
• 4
• 5
• 6
• 7
• 8
• 9
• 10

---

指针大小

• 使用sizeof()测量指针的大小，得到的总是：4或8
• sizeof()测的是指针变量指向存储地址的大小
• 在32位平台，所有的指针（地址）都是32位(4字节)
• 在64位平台，所有的指针（地址）都是64位(8字节)

---

野指针和空指针

指针变量也是变量，是变量就可以任意赋值，不要越界即可（32位为4字节，64位为8字节），但是，任意数值赋值给指针变量没有意义，因为这样的指针就成了野指针，此指针指向的区域是未知(操作系统不允许操作此指针指向的内存区域)。所以，野指针不会直接引发错误，操作野指针指向的内存区域才会出问题。

	int a = 100;
	int *p;
	p = a; //把a的值赋值给指针变量p，p为野指针， ok，不会有问题，但没有意义
p <span class="token operator">=</span> <span class="token number">0x12345678</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span> <span class="token comment">//给指针变量p赋值，p为野指针， ok，不会有问题，但没有意义</span>

<span class="token operator">*</span>p <span class="token operator">=</span> <span class="token number">1000</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>  <span class="token comment">//操作野指针指向未知区域，内存出问题，err</span>

• 1
• 2
• 3
• 4
• 5
• 6
• 7

但是，野指针和有效指针变量保存的都是数值，为了标志此指针变量没有指向任何变量(空闲可用)，C语言中，可以把NULL赋值给此指针，这样就标志此指针为空指针，没有任何指针。

int *p = NULL;

 
 

 
 
1

NULL是一个值为0的宏常量：

#define NULL    ((void *)0)

 
 

 
 
1

---

万能指针void

void *指针可以指向任意变量的内存空间：

	void *p = NULL;
<span class="token keyword">int</span> a <span class="token operator">=</span> <span class="token number">10</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
p <span class="token operator">=</span> <span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token keyword">void</span> <span class="token operator">*</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token operator">&amp;</span>a<span class="token punctuation">;</span> <span class="token comment">//指向变量时，最好转换为void *</span>

<span class="token comment">//使用指针变量指向的内存时，转换为int *</span>
<span class="token operator">*</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span> <span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token keyword">int</span> <span class="token operator">*</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span>p <span class="token punctuation">)</span> <span class="token operator">=</span> <span class="token number">11</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
<span class="token function">printf</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token string">"a = %d\n"</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> a<span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>

• 1
• 2
• 3
• 4
• 5
• 6
• 7
• 8

---

const修饰的指针变量

int a = 100;
	int b = 200;

//指向常量的指针
//修饰*，指针指向内存区域不能修改，指针指向可以变
const int *p1 = &a; //等价于int const *p1 = &a;
//*p1 = 111; //err
p1 = &b; //ok

//指针常量
//修饰p1，指针指向不能变，指针指向的内存可以修改
int const p2 = &a;
//p2 = &b; //err
p2 = 222; //ok

• 1
• 2
• 3
• 4
• 5
• 6
• 7
• 8
• 9
• 10
• 11
• 12
• 13
• 14

指针和数组

数组名

数组名字是数组的首元素地址，但它是一个常量：

int a[] = { 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 };
	printf("a = %p\n", a);
	printf("&a[0] = %p\n", &a[0]);
<span class="token comment">//a = 10; //err, 数组名只是常量，不能修改</span>

• 1
• 2
• 3
• 4
• 5

---

指针操作数组元素

#include <stdio.h>

int main()
{
int a[] = { 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 };
int i = 0;
int n = sizeof(a) / sizeof(a[0]);

<span class="token keyword">for</span> <span class="token punctuation">(</span>i <span class="token operator">=</span> <span class="token number">0</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span> i <span class="token operator">&lt;</span> n<span class="token punctuation">;</span> i<span class="token operator">++</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span>
<span class="token punctuation">{</span>
	<span class="token comment">//printf("%d, ", a[i]);</span>
	<span class="token function">printf</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token string">"%d, "</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> <span class="token operator">*</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>a<span class="token operator">+</span>i<span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
<span class="token punctuation">}</span>
<span class="token function">printf</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token string">"\n"</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>

<span class="token keyword">int</span> <span class="token operator">*</span>p <span class="token operator">=</span> a<span class="token punctuation">;</span> <span class="token comment">//定义一个指针变量保存a的地址</span>
<span class="token keyword">for</span> <span class="token punctuation">(</span>i <span class="token operator">=</span> <span class="token number">0</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span> i <span class="token operator">&lt;</span> n<span class="token punctuation">;</span> i<span class="token operator">++</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span>
<span class="token punctuation">{</span>
	p<span class="token punctuation">[</span>i<span class="token punctuation">]</span> <span class="token operator">=</span> <span class="token number">2</span> <span class="token operator">*</span> i<span class="token punctuation">;</span>
<span class="token punctuation">}</span>

<span class="token keyword">for</span> <span class="token punctuation">(</span>i <span class="token operator">=</span> <span class="token number">0</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span> i <span class="token operator">&lt;</span> n<span class="token punctuation">;</span> i<span class="token operator">++</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span>
<span class="token punctuation">{</span>
	<span class="token function">printf</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token string">"%d, "</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> <span class="token operator">*</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>p <span class="token operator">+</span> i<span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
<span class="token punctuation">}</span>
<span class="token function">printf</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token string">"\n"</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>


<span class="token keyword">return</span> <span class="token number">0</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>

}

• 1
• 2
• 3
• 4
• 5
• 6
• 7
• 8
• 9
• 10
• 11
• 12
• 13
• 14
• 15
• 16
• 17
• 18
• 19
• 20
• 21
• 22
• 23
• 24
• 25
• 26
• 27
• 28
• 29
• 30

---

指针加减运算

1)加法运算

• 指针计算不是简单的整数相加
• 如果是一个int *，+1的结果是增加一个int的大小
• 如果是一个char *，+1的结果是增加一个char大小

#include <stdio.h>

int main()
{
int a;
int *p = &a;
printf("%d\n", p);
p += 2;//移动了2个int
printf("%d\n", p);

<span class="token keyword">char</span> b <span class="token operator">=</span> <span class="token number">0</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
<span class="token keyword">char</span> <span class="token operator">*</span>p1 <span class="token operator">=</span> <span class="token operator">&amp;</span>b<span class="token punctuation">;</span>
<span class="token function">printf</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token string">"%d\n"</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> p1<span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
p1 <span class="token operator">+</span><span class="token operator">=</span> <span class="token number">2</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span><span class="token comment">//移动了2个char</span>
<span class="token function">printf</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token string">"%d\n"</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> p1<span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>

<span class="token keyword">return</span> <span class="token number">0</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>

}

• 1
• 2
• 3
• 4
• 5
• 6
• 7
• 8
• 9
• 10
• 11
• 12
• 13
• 14
• 15
• 16
• 17
• 18

通过改变指针指向操作数组元素：

#include <stdio.h>

int main()
{
int a[] = { 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 };
int i = 0;
int n = sizeof(a) / sizeof(a[0]);

<span class="token keyword">int</span> <span class="token operator">*</span>p <span class="token operator">=</span> a<span class="token punctuation">;</span>
<span class="token keyword">for</span> <span class="token punctuation">(</span>i <span class="token operator">=</span> <span class="token number">0</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span> i <span class="token operator">&lt;</span> n<span class="token punctuation">;</span> i<span class="token operator">++</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span>
<span class="token punctuation">{</span>
	<span class="token function">printf</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token string">"%d, "</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> <span class="token operator">*</span>p<span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
	p<span class="token operator">++</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
<span class="token punctuation">}</span>
<span class="token function">printf</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token string">"\n"</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>

<span class="token keyword">return</span> <span class="token number">0</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>

}

• 1
• 2
• 3
• 4
• 5
• 6
• 7
• 8
• 9
• 10
• 11
• 12
• 13
• 14
• 15
• 16
• 17
• 18

2. 减法运算
   示例1：

#include <stdio.h>

int main()
{
int a[] = { 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 };
int i = 0;
int n = sizeof(a) / sizeof(a[0]);

<span class="token keyword">int</span> <span class="token operator">*</span>p <span class="token operator">=</span> a<span class="token operator">+</span>n<span class="token operator">-</span><span class="token number">1</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
<span class="token keyword">for</span> <span class="token punctuation">(</span>i <span class="token operator">=</span> <span class="token number">0</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span> i <span class="token operator">&lt;</span> n<span class="token punctuation">;</span> i<span class="token operator">++</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span>
<span class="token punctuation">{</span>
	<span class="token function">printf</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token string">"%d, "</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> <span class="token operator">*</span>p<span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
	p<span class="token operator">--</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
<span class="token punctuation">}</span>
<span class="token function">printf</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token string">"\n"</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>

<span class="token keyword">return</span> <span class="token number">0</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>

}

• 1
• 2
• 3
• 4
• 5
• 6
• 7
• 8
• 9
• 10
• 11
• 12
• 13
• 14
• 15
• 16
• 17
• 18

示例2：

#include <stdio.h>

int main()
{
int a[] = { 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 };
int p2 = &a[2]; //第2个元素地址
int p1 = &a[1]; //第1个元素地址
printf(“p1 = %p, p2 = %p\n”, p1, p2);

<span class="token keyword">int</span> n1 <span class="token operator">=</span> p2 <span class="token operator">-</span> p1<span class="token punctuation">;</span> <span class="token comment">//n1 = 1</span>
<span class="token keyword">int</span> n2 <span class="token operator">=</span> <span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token keyword">int</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span>p2 <span class="token operator">-</span> <span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token keyword">int</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span>p1<span class="token punctuation">;</span> <span class="token comment">//n2 = 4</span>
<span class="token function">printf</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token string">"n1 = %d, n2 = %d\n"</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> n1<span class="token punctuation">,</span> n2<span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>

<span class="token keyword">return</span> <span class="token number">0</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>

}

• 1
• 2
• 3
• 4
• 5
• 6
• 7
• 8
• 9
• 10
• 11
• 12
• 13
• 14
• 15

指针数组

指针数组，它是数组，数组的每个元素都是指针类型。

#include <stdio.h>

int main()
{
//指针数组
int *p[3];
int a = 1;
int b = 2;
int c = 3;
int i = 0;

p<span class="token punctuation">[</span><span class="token number">0</span><span class="token punctuation">]</span> <span class="token operator">=</span> <span class="token operator">&amp;</span>a<span class="token punctuation">;</span>
p<span class="token punctuation">[</span><span class="token number">1</span><span class="token punctuation">]</span> <span class="token operator">=</span> <span class="token operator">&amp;</span>b<span class="token punctuation">;</span>
p<span class="token punctuation">[</span><span class="token number">2</span><span class="token punctuation">]</span> <span class="token operator">=</span> <span class="token operator">&amp;</span>c<span class="token punctuation">;</span>

<span class="token keyword">for</span> <span class="token punctuation">(</span>i <span class="token operator">=</span> <span class="token number">0</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span> i <span class="token operator">&lt;</span> <span class="token keyword">sizeof</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>p<span class="token punctuation">)</span> <span class="token operator">/</span> <span class="token keyword">sizeof</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>p<span class="token punctuation">[</span><span class="token number">0</span><span class="token punctuation">]</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span> i<span class="token operator">++</span> <span class="token punctuation">)</span>
<span class="token punctuation">{</span>
	<span class="token function">printf</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token string">"%d, "</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> <span class="token operator">*</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>p<span class="token punctuation">[</span>i<span class="token punctuation">]</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
<span class="token punctuation">}</span>
<span class="token function">printf</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token string">"\n"</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>

<span class="token keyword">return</span> <span class="token number">0</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>

}

• 1
• 2
• 3
• 4
• 5
• 6
• 7
• 8
• 9
• 10
• 11
• 12
• 13
• 14
• 15
• 16
• 17
• 18
• 19
• 20
• 21
• 22
• 23

多级指针

C语言允许有多级指针存在，在实际的程序中一级指针最常用，其次是二级指针。
二级指针就是指向一个一级指针变量地址的指针，三级指针基本用不着。

int a = 10;
	int *p = &a; //一级指针
	*p = 100; //*p就是a
<span class="token keyword">int</span> <span class="token operator">*</span><span class="token operator">*</span>q <span class="token operator">=</span> <span class="token operator">&amp;</span>p<span class="token punctuation">;</span>
<span class="token comment">//*q就是p</span>
<span class="token comment">//**q就是a</span>

<span class="token keyword">int</span> <span class="token operator">*</span><span class="token operator">*</span><span class="token operator">*</span>t <span class="token operator">=</span> <span class="token operator">&amp;</span>q<span class="token punctuation">;</span>
<span class="token comment">//*t就是q</span>
<span class="token comment">//**t就是p</span>
<span class="token comment">//***t就是a</span>

• 1
• 2
• 3
• 4
• 5
• 6
• 7
• 8
• 9
• 10
• 11
• 12

指针和函数

函数形参改变实参的值

#include <stdio.h>

void swap1(int x, int y)
{
int tmp;
tmp = x;
x = y;
y = tmp;
printf(“x = %d, y = %d\n”, x, y);
}

void swap2(int x, int y)
{
int tmp;
tmp = x;
x = y;
y = tmp;
}

int main()
{
int a = 3;
int b = 5;
swap1(a, b); //值传递
printf(“a = %d, b = %d\n”, a, b);

a <span class="token operator">=</span> <span class="token number">3</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
b <span class="token operator">=</span> <span class="token number">5</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
<span class="token function">swap2</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token operator">&amp;</span>a<span class="token punctuation">,</span> <span class="token operator">&amp;</span>b<span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span> <span class="token comment">//地址传递</span>
<span class="token function">printf</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token string">"a2 = %d, b2 = %d\n"</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> a<span class="token punctuation">,</span> b<span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>

<span class="token keyword">return</span> <span class="token number">0</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>

}

• 1
• 2
• 3
• 4
• 5
• 6
• 7
• 8
• 9
• 10
• 11
• 12
• 13
• 14
• 15
• 16
• 17
• 18
• 19
• 20
• 21
• 22
• 23
• 24
• 25
• 26
• 27
• 28
• 29
• 30
• 31
• 32
• 33

数组名做函数参数

数组名做函数参数，函数的形参会退化为指针：

#include <stdio.h>

//void printArrary(int a[10], int n)
//void printArrary(int a[], int n)
void printArrary(int *a, int n)
{
int i = 0;
for (i = 0; i < n; i++)
{
printf("%d, “, a[i]);
}
printf(”\n");
}

int main()
{
int a[] = { 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 };
int n = sizeof(a) / sizeof(a[0]);

<span class="token comment">//数组名做函数参数</span>
<span class="token function">printArrary</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>a<span class="token punctuation">,</span> n<span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span> 
<span class="token keyword">return</span> <span class="token number">0</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>

}

• 1
• 2
• 3
• 4
• 5
• 6
• 7
• 8
• 9
• 10
• 11
• 12
• 13
• 14
• 15
• 16
• 17
• 18
• 19
• 20
• 21
• 22
• 23

指针做为函数的返回值

#include <stdio.h>

int a = 10;

int *getA()
{
return &a;
}

int main()
{
*( getA() ) = 111;
printf(“a = %d\n”, a);

<span class="token keyword">return</span> <span class="token number">0</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>

}

• 1
• 2
• 3
• 4
• 5
• 6
• 7
• 8
• 9
• 10
• 11
• 12
• 13
• 14
• 15
• 16
• 17

指针和字符串

字符指针

#include <stdio.h>

int main()
{
char str[] = “hello world”;
char p = str;
p = ‘m’;
p++;
*p = ‘i’;
printf("%s\n", str);

p <span class="token operator">=</span> <span class="token string">"mike jiang"</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
<span class="token function">printf</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token string">"%s\n"</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> p<span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>

<span class="token keyword">char</span> <span class="token operator">*</span>q <span class="token operator">=</span> <span class="token string">"test"</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
<span class="token function">printf</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token string">"%s\n"</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> q<span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>

<span class="token keyword">return</span> <span class="token number">0</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>

}

• 1
• 2
• 3
• 4
• 5
• 6
• 7
• 8
• 9
• 10
• 11
• 12
• 13
• 14
• 15
• 16
• 17
• 18
• 19

字符指针做函数参数

#include <stdio.h>

void mystrcat(char dest, const char src)
{
int len1 = 0;
int len2 = 0;
while (dest[len1])
{
len1++;
}
while (src[len2])
{
len2++;
}

<span class="token keyword">int</span> i<span class="token punctuation">;</span>
<span class="token keyword">for</span> <span class="token punctuation">(</span>i <span class="token operator">=</span> <span class="token number">0</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span> i <span class="token operator">&lt;</span> len2<span class="token punctuation">;</span> i<span class="token operator">++</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span>
<span class="token punctuation">{</span>
	dest<span class="token punctuation">[</span>len1 <span class="token operator">+</span> i<span class="token punctuation">]</span> <span class="token operator">=</span> src<span class="token punctuation">[</span>i<span class="token punctuation">]</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
<span class="token punctuation">}</span>

}

int main()
{
char dst[100] = “hello mike”;
char src[] = “123456”;

<span class="token function">mystrcat</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>dst<span class="token punctuation">,</span> src<span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
<span class="token function">printf</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token string">"dst = %s\n"</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> dst<span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>

<span class="token keyword">return</span> <span class="token number">0</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>

}

• 1
• 2
• 3
• 4
• 5
• 6
• 7
• 8
• 9
• 10
• 11
• 12
• 13
• 14
• 15
• 16
• 17
• 18
• 19
• 20
• 21
• 22
• 23
• 24
• 25
• 26
• 27
• 28
• 29
• 30
• 31
• 32

const修饰的指针变量

#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <string.h>

int main(void)
{
//const修饰一个变量为只读
const int a = 10;
//a = 100; //err

<span class="token comment">//指针变量， 指针指向的内存， 2个不同概念</span>
<span class="token keyword">char</span> buf<span class="token punctuation">[</span><span class="token punctuation">]</span> <span class="token operator">=</span> <span class="token string">"aklgjdlsgjlkds"</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>

<span class="token comment">//从左往右看，跳过类型，看修饰哪个字符</span>
<span class="token comment">//如果是*， 说明指针指向的内存不能改变</span>
<span class="token comment">//如果是指针变量，说明指针的指向不能改变，指针的值不能修改</span>
<span class="token keyword">const</span> <span class="token keyword">char</span> <span class="token operator">*</span>p <span class="token operator">=</span> buf<span class="token punctuation">;</span>
<span class="token comment">// 等价于上面 char const *p1 = buf;</span>
<span class="token comment">//p[1] = '2'; //err</span>
p <span class="token operator">=</span> <span class="token string">"agdlsjaglkdsajgl"</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span> <span class="token comment">//ok</span>

<span class="token keyword">char</span> <span class="token operator">*</span> <span class="token keyword">const</span> p2 <span class="token operator">=</span> buf<span class="token punctuation">;</span>
p2<span class="token punctuation">[</span><span class="token number">1</span><span class="token punctuation">]</span> <span class="token operator">=</span> <span class="token string">'3'</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
<span class="token comment">//p2 = "salkjgldsjaglk"; //err</span>

<span class="token comment">//p3为只读，指向不能变，指向的内存也不能变</span>
<span class="token keyword">const</span> <span class="token keyword">char</span> <span class="token operator">*</span> <span class="token keyword">const</span> p3 <span class="token operator">=</span> buf<span class="token punctuation">;</span>

<span class="token keyword">return</span> <span class="token number">0</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>

}

• 1
• 2
• 3
• 4
• 5
• 6
• 7
• 8
• 9
• 10
• 11
• 12
• 13
• 14
• 15
• 16
• 17
• 18
• 19
• 20
• 21
• 22
• 23
• 24
• 25
• 26
• 27
• 28
• 29
• 30

指针数组做为main函数的形参

int main(int argc, char *argv[]);

 
 

 
 
1

main函数是操作系统调用的，第一个参数标明argv数组的成员数量，argv数组的每个成员都是char *类型

argv是命令行参数的字符串数组

argc代表命令行参数的数量，程序名字本身算一个参数

#include <stdio.h>

//argc: 传参数的个数（包含可执行程序）
//argv：指针数组，指向输入的参数
int main(int argc, char *argv[])
{

<span class="token comment">//指针数组，它是数组，每个元素都是指针</span>
<span class="token keyword">char</span> <span class="token operator">*</span>a<span class="token punctuation">[</span><span class="token punctuation">]</span> <span class="token operator">=</span> <span class="token punctuation">{</span> <span class="token string">"aaaaaaa"</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> <span class="token string">"bbbbbbbbbb"</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> <span class="token string">"ccccccc"</span> <span class="token punctuation">}</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
<span class="token keyword">int</span> i <span class="token operator">=</span> <span class="token number">0</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>

<span class="token function">printf</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token string">"argc = %d\n"</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> argc<span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
<span class="token keyword">for</span> <span class="token punctuation">(</span>i <span class="token operator">=</span> <span class="token number">0</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span> i <span class="token operator">&lt;</span> argc<span class="token punctuation">;</span> i<span class="token operator">++</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span>
<span class="token punctuation">{</span>
	<span class="token function">printf</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token string">"%s\n"</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> argv<span class="token punctuation">[</span>i<span class="token punctuation">]</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
<span class="token punctuation">}</span>
<span class="token keyword">return</span> <span class="token number">0</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>

}

• 1
• 2
• 3
• 4
• 5
• 6
• 7
• 8
• 9
• 10
• 11
• 12
• 13
• 14
• 15
• 16
• 17
• 18

常用字符串应用模型

1. strstr中的while和do-while模型
   利用strstr标准库函数找出一个字符串中substr出现的个数。

a) while模型

#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <string.h>

int main(void)
{
char *p = “11abcd111122abcd333abcd3322abcd3333322qqq”;
int n = 0;

<span class="token keyword">while</span> <span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>p <span class="token operator">=</span> <span class="token function">strstr</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>p<span class="token punctuation">,</span> <span class="token string">"abcd"</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span> <span class="token operator">!=</span> <span class="token constant">NULL</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span>
<span class="token punctuation">{</span>
	<span class="token comment">//能进来，肯定有匹配的子串</span>
	<span class="token comment">//重新设置起点位置</span>
	p <span class="token operator">=</span> p <span class="token operator">+</span> <span class="token function">strlen</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token string">"abcd"</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
	n<span class="token operator">++</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>

	<span class="token keyword">if</span> <span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token operator">*</span>p <span class="token operator">==</span> <span class="token number">0</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span> <span class="token comment">//如果到结束符</span>
	<span class="token punctuation">{</span>
		<span class="token keyword">break</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
	<span class="token punctuation">}</span>

<span class="token punctuation">}</span>

<span class="token function">printf</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token string">"n = %d\n"</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> n<span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>

<span class="token keyword">return</span> <span class="token number">0</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>

}

• 1
• 2
• 3
• 4
• 5
• 6
• 7
• 8
• 9
• 10
• 11
• 12
• 13
• 14
• 15
• 16
• 17
• 18
• 19
• 20
• 21
• 22
• 23
• 24
• 25
• 26
• 27

b) do-while模型

#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <string.h>

int main(void)
{
char *p = “11abcd111122abcd333abcd3322abcd3333322qqq”;
int n = 0;

<span class="token keyword">do</span>
<span class="token punctuation">{</span>
	p <span class="token operator">=</span> <span class="token function">strstr</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>p<span class="token punctuation">,</span> <span class="token string">"abcd"</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
	<span class="token keyword">if</span> <span class="token punctuation">(</span>p <span class="token operator">!=</span> <span class="token constant">NULL</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span>
	<span class="token punctuation">{</span>
		n<span class="token operator">++</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span> <span class="token comment">//累计个数</span>

		<span class="token comment">//重新设置查找的起点</span>
		p <span class="token operator">=</span> p <span class="token operator">+</span> <span class="token function">strlen</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token string">"abcd"</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>

	<span class="token punctuation">}</span>
	<span class="token keyword">else</span> <span class="token comment">//如果没有匹配的字符串，跳出循环</span>
	<span class="token punctuation">{</span>
		<span class="token keyword">break</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
	<span class="token punctuation">}</span>
<span class="token punctuation">}</span> <span class="token keyword">while</span> <span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token operator">*</span>p <span class="token operator">!=</span> <span class="token number">0</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span> <span class="token comment">//如果没有到结尾</span>

<span class="token function">printf</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token string">"n = %d\n"</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> n<span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
<span class="token keyword">return</span> <span class="token number">0</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>

}

• 1
• 2
• 3
• 4
• 5
• 6
• 7
• 8
• 9
• 10
• 11
• 12
• 13
• 14
• 15
• 16
• 17
• 18
• 19
• 20
• 21
• 22
• 23
• 24
• 25
• 26
• 27
• 28
• 29

2. 两头堵模型
   求非空字符串元素的个数：

#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <string.h>
#include <ctype.h>

int fun(char p, int n)
{
if (p NULL || n NULL)
{
return -1;
}

<span class="token keyword">int</span> begin <span class="token operator">=</span> <span class="token number">0</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
<span class="token keyword">int</span> end <span class="token operator">=</span> <span class="token function">strlen</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>p<span class="token punctuation">)</span> <span class="token operator">-</span> <span class="token number">1</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>

<span class="token comment">//从左边开始</span>
<span class="token comment">//如果当前字符为空，而且没有结束</span>
<span class="token keyword">while</span> <span class="token punctuation">(</span>p<span class="token punctuation">[</span>begin<span class="token punctuation">]</span> <span class="token operator">==</span> <span class="token string">' '</span> <span class="token operator">&amp;&amp;</span> p<span class="token punctuation">[</span>begin<span class="token punctuation">]</span> <span class="token operator">!=</span> <span class="token number">0</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span>
<span class="token punctuation">{</span>
	begin<span class="token operator">++</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span> <span class="token comment">//位置从右移动一位</span>
<span class="token punctuation">}</span>

<span class="token comment">//从右往左移动</span>
<span class="token keyword">while</span> <span class="token punctuation">(</span>p<span class="token punctuation">[</span>end<span class="token punctuation">]</span> <span class="token operator">==</span> <span class="token string">' '</span> <span class="token operator">&amp;&amp;</span> end <span class="token operator">&gt;</span> <span class="token number">0</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span>
<span class="token punctuation">{</span>
	end<span class="token operator">--</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span> <span class="token comment">//往左移动</span>
<span class="token punctuation">}</span>

<span class="token keyword">if</span> <span class="token punctuation">(</span>end <span class="token operator">==</span> <span class="token number">0</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span>
<span class="token punctuation">{</span>
	<span class="token keyword">return</span> <span class="token operator">-</span><span class="token number">2</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
<span class="token punctuation">}</span>

<span class="token comment">//非空元素个数</span>
<span class="token operator">*</span>n <span class="token operator">=</span> end <span class="token operator">-</span> begin <span class="token operator">+</span> <span class="token number">1</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>

<span class="token keyword">return</span> <span class="token number">0</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>

}

int main(void)
{
char *p = " abcddsgadsgefg ";
int ret = 0;
int n = 0;

ret <span class="token operator">=</span> <span class="token function">fun</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>p<span class="token punctuation">,</span> <span class="token operator">&amp;</span>n<span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
<span class="token keyword">if</span> <span class="token punctuation">(</span>ret <span class="token operator">!=</span> <span class="token number">0</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span>
<span class="token punctuation">{</span>
	<span class="token keyword">return</span> ret<span class="token punctuation">;</span>
<span class="token punctuation">}</span>
<span class="token function">printf</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token string">"非空字符串元素个数：%d\n"</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> n<span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>

<span class="token keyword">return</span> <span class="token number">0</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>

}

• 1
• 2
• 3
• 4
• 5
• 6
• 7
• 8
• 9
• 10
• 11
• 12
• 13
• 14
• 15
• 16
• 17
• 18
• 19
• 20
• 21
• 22
• 23
• 24
• 25
• 26
• 27
• 28
• 29
• 30
• 31
• 32
• 33
• 34
• 35
• 36
• 37
• 38
• 39
• 40
• 41
• 42
• 43
• 44
• 45
• 46
• 47
• 48
• 49
• 50
• 51
• 52
• 53
• 54

3. 字符串反转模型(逆置)
   

#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <string.h>

int inverse(char p)
{
if (p == NULL)
{
return -1;
}
char str = p;
int begin = 0;
int end = strlen(str) - 1;
char tmp;

<span class="token keyword">while</span> <span class="token punctuation">(</span>begin <span class="token operator">&lt;</span> end<span class="token punctuation">)</span>
<span class="token punctuation">{</span>
	<span class="token comment">//交换元素</span>
	tmp <span class="token operator">=</span> str<span class="token punctuation">[</span>begin<span class="token punctuation">]</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
	str<span class="token punctuation">[</span>begin<span class="token punctuation">]</span> <span class="token operator">=</span> str<span class="token punctuation">[</span>end<span class="token punctuation">]</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
	str<span class="token punctuation">[</span>end<span class="token punctuation">]</span> <span class="token operator">=</span> tmp<span class="token punctuation">;</span>

	begin<span class="token operator">++</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>  <span class="token comment">//往右移动位置</span>
	end<span class="token operator">--</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>	    <span class="token comment">//往左移动位置</span>
<span class="token punctuation">}</span>

<span class="token keyword">return</span> <span class="token number">0</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>

}

int main(void)
{
//char *str = “abcdefg”; //文件常量区，内容不允许修改
char str[] = “abcdef”;

<span class="token keyword">int</span> ret <span class="token operator">=</span> <span class="token function">inverse</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>str<span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
<span class="token keyword">if</span> <span class="token punctuation">(</span>ret <span class="token operator">!=</span> <span class="token number">0</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span>
<span class="token punctuation">{</span>
	<span class="token keyword">return</span> ret<span class="token punctuation">;</span>
<span class="token punctuation">}</span>

<span class="token function">printf</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token string">"str ========== %s\n"</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> str<span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
<span class="token keyword">return</span> <span class="token number">0</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>

}

• 1
• 2
• 3
• 4
• 5
• 6
• 7
• 8
• 9
• 10
• 11
• 12
• 13
• 14
• 15
• 16
• 17
• 18
• 19
• 20
• 21
• 22
• 23
• 24
• 25
• 26
• 27
• 28
• 29
• 30
• 31
• 32
• 33
• 34
• 35
• 36
• 37
• 38
• 39
• 40
• 41
• 42
• 43

指针小结

定义	说明
int i	定义整形变量
int *p	定义一个指向int的指针变量
int a[10]	定义一个有10个元素的数组，每个元素类型为int
int *p[10]	定义一个有10个元素的数组，每个元素类型为int*
int func()	定义一个函数，返回值为int型
int *func()	定义一个函数，返回值为int *型
int **p	定义一个指向int的指针的指针，二级指针