python抽象

继承的应用：

抽象类

Python从语法层面并没有像Java或C#那样提供对抽象类的支持
但是我们可以通过`abc`模块的`ABCMeta`元类和`abstractmethod`包装器来达到抽象类的效果

abstract.py

from abc import ABCMeta, abstractmethod
from math import pi


class Shape(object, metaclass=ABCMeta):
    """图形抽象类"""

    @abstractmethod
    def perimeter(self):
        pass

    @abstractmethod
    def area(self):
        pass


class Circle(Shape):
    """圆形"""

    def __init__(self, radius):
        self._radius = radius

    def perimeter(self):
        return 2 * pi * self._radius

    def area(self):
        return pi * self._radius * self._radius

    def __str__(self):
        return "我是一个圆"


class Rect(Shape):
    """矩形"""

    def __init__(self, width, height):
        self._width = width
        self._height = height

    def perimeter(self):
        return (self._width + self._height) * 2

    def area(self):
        return self._width * self._height

    def __str__(self):
        return "我是一个矩形"


def main():
    shapes = [Circle(4), Circle(2), Rect(4, 5)]
    for shape in shapes:
        print(shape)
        print("周长:", shape.perimeter())
        print("面积：", shape.area())


if __name__ == '__main__':
    main()