第4章变形

最新推荐文章于 2022-11-13 16:39:31 发布

lukem44

最新推荐文章于 2022-11-13 16:39:31 发布

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本文链接：https://blog.csdn.net/lukem44/article/details/105827579

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第4章变形

import numpy as np
import pandas as pd
df = pd.read_csv('data/table.csv')
df.head()

	School	Class	ID	Gender	Address	Height	Weight	Math	Physics
0	S_1	C_1	1101	M	street_1	173	63	34.0	A+
1	S_1	C_1	1102	F	street_2	192	73	32.5	B+
2	S_1	C_1	1103	M	street_2	186	82	87.2	B+
3	S_1	C_1	1104	F	street_2	167	81	80.4	B-
4	S_1	C_1	1105	F	street_4	159	64	84.8	B+

一、透视表

1. pivot

一般状态下，数据在DataFrame会以压缩（stacked）状态存放，例如上面的Gender，两个类别被叠在一列中，pivot函数可将某一列作为新的cols：

df.pivot(index='ID',columns='Gender',values='Height').head()

Gender	F	M
ID
1101	NaN	173.0
1102	192.0	NaN
1103	NaN	186.0
1104	167.0	NaN
1105	159.0	NaN

然而pivot函数具有很强的局限性，除了功能上较少之外，还不允许values中出现重复的行列索引对（pair），例如下面的语句就会报错：

#df.pivot(index='School',columns='Gender',values='Height').head()

因此，更多的时候会选择使用强大的pivot_table函数

2. pivot_table

首先，再现上面的操作：

pd.pivot_table(df,index='ID',columns='Gender',values='Height').head()

Gender	F	M
ID
1101	NaN	173.0
1102	192.0	NaN
1103	NaN	186.0
1104	167.0	NaN
1105	159.0	NaN

由于功能更多，速度上自然是比不上原来的pivot函数：

%timeit df.pivot(index='ID',columns='Gender',values='Height')
%timeit pd.pivot_table(df,index='ID',columns='Gender',values='Height')

2.28 ms ± 74.8 µs per loop (mean ± std. dev. of 7 runs, 100 loops each)
9.77 ms ± 498 µs per loop (mean ± std. dev. of 7 runs, 100 loops each)

Pandas中提供了各种选项，下面介绍常用参数：

① aggfunc：对组内进行聚合统计，可传入各类函数，默认为’mean’

pd.pivot_table(df,index='School',columns='Gender',values='Height',aggfunc=['mean','sum']).head()

	mean		sum
Gender	F	M	F	M
School
S_1	173.125000	178.714286	1385	1251
S_2	173.727273	172.000000	1911	1548

② margins：汇总边际状态

pd.pivot_table(df,index='School',columns='Gender',values='Height',aggfunc=['mean','sum'],margins=True).head()
#margins_name可以设置名字，默认为'All'

	mean			sum
Gender	F	M	All	F	M	All
School
S_1	173.125000	178.714286	175.733333	1385	1251	2636
S_2	173.727273	172.000000	172.950000	1911	1548	3459
All	173.473684	174.937500	174.142857	3296	2799	6095

③ 行、列、值都可以为多级

pd.pivot_table(df,index=['School','Class'],
               columns=['Gender','Address'],
               values=['Height','Weight'])

		Height										...	Weight
	Gender	F						M				...	F				M
	Address	street_1	street_2	street_4	street_5	street_6	street_7	street_1	street_2	street_4	street_5	...	street_4	street_5	street_6	street_7	street_1	street_2	street_4	street_5	street_6	street_7
School	Class
S_1	C_1	NaN	179.5	159.0	NaN	NaN	NaN	173.0	186.0	NaN	NaN	...	64.0	NaN	NaN	NaN	63.0	82.0	NaN	NaN	NaN	NaN
	C_2	NaN	NaN	176.0	162.0	167.0	NaN	NaN	NaN	NaN	188.0	...	94.0	63.0	63.0	NaN	NaN	NaN	NaN	68.0	53.0	NaN
	C_3	175.0	NaN	NaN	187.0	NaN	NaN	NaN	195.0	161.0	NaN	...	NaN	69.0	NaN	NaN	NaN	70.0	68.0	NaN	NaN	82.0
S_2	C_1	NaN	NaN	NaN	159.0	161.0	NaN	NaN	NaN	163.5	NaN	...	NaN	97.0	61.0	NaN	NaN	NaN	71.0	NaN	NaN	84.0
	C_2	NaN	NaN	NaN	NaN	NaN	188.5	175.0	NaN	155.0	193.0	...	NaN	NaN	NaN	76.5	74.0	NaN	91.0	100.0	NaN	NaN
	C_3	NaN	NaN	157.0	NaN	164.0	190.0	NaN	NaN	187.0	171.0	...	78.0	NaN	81.0	99.0	NaN	NaN	73.0	88.0	NaN	NaN
	C_4	NaN	176.0	NaN	NaN	175.5	NaN	NaN	NaN	NaN	NaN	...	NaN	NaN	57.0	NaN	NaN	NaN	NaN	NaN	NaN	82.0

7 rows × 24 columns

3. crosstab（交叉表）

交叉表是一种特殊的透视表，典型的用途如分组统计，如现在想要统计关于街道和性别分组的频数：

pd.crosstab(index=df['Address'],columns=df['Gender'])

Gender	F	M
Address
street_1	1	2
street_2	4	2
street_4	3	5
street_5	3	3
street_6	5	1
street_7	3	3

交叉表的功能也很强大（但目前还不支持多级分组），下面说明一些重要参数：

① values和aggfunc：分组对某些数据进行聚合操作，这两个参数必须成对出现

pd.crosstab(index=df['Address'],columns=df['Gender'],
            values=np.random.randint(1,20,df.shape[0]),aggfunc='min')
#默认参数等于如下方法：
#pd.crosstab(index=df['Address'],columns=df['Gender'],values=1,aggfunc='count')

Gender	F	M
Address
street_1	6	4
street_2	10	5
street_4	6	2
street_5	10	8
street_6	9	4
street_7	8	4

② 除了边际参数margins外，还引入了normalize参数，可选’all’,‘index’,'columns’参数值

pd.crosstab(index=df['Address'],columns=df['Gender'],normalize='all',margins=True)

Gender	F	M	All
Address
street_1	0.028571	0.057143	0.085714
street_2	0.114286	0.057143	0.171429
street_4	0.085714	0.142857	0.228571
street_5	0.085714	0.085714	0.171429
street_6	0.142857	0.028571	0.171429
street_7	0.085714	0.085714	0.171429
All	0.542857	0.457143	1.000000

二、其他变形方法

1. melt

melt函数可以认为是pivot函数的逆操作，将unstacked状态的数据，压缩成stacked，使“宽”的DataFrame变“窄”

df_m = df[['ID','Gender','Math']]
df_m.head()

	ID	Gender	Math
0	1101	M	34.0
1	1102	F	32.5
2	1103	M	87.2
3	1104	F	80.4
4	1105	F	84.8

df.pivot(index='ID',columns='Gender',values='Math').head()

Gender	F	M
ID
1101	NaN	34.0
1102	32.5	NaN
1103	NaN	87.2
1104	80.4	NaN
1105	84.8	NaN

melt函数中的id_vars表示需要保留的列，value_vars表示需要stack的一组列

pivoted = df.pivot(index='ID',columns='Gender',values='Math')
result = pivoted.reset_index().melt(id_vars=['ID'],value_vars=['F','M'],value_name='Math')\
                     .dropna().set_index('ID').sort_index()
#检验是否与展开前的df相同，可以分别将这些链式方法的中间步骤展开，看看是什么结果
result.equals(df_m.set_index('ID'))

True

2. 压缩与展开

（1）stack：这是最基础的变形函数，总共只有两个参数：level和dropna

df_s = pd.pivot_table(df,index=['Class','ID'],columns='Gender',values=['Height','Weight'])
df_s.groupby('Class').head(2)

		Height		Weight
	Gender	F	M	F	M
Class	ID
C_1	1101	NaN	173.0	NaN	63.0
C_1	1102	192.0	NaN	73.0	NaN
C_2	1201	NaN	188.0	NaN	68.0
C_2	1202	176.0	NaN	94.0	NaN
C_3	1301	NaN	161.0	NaN	68.0
C_3	1302	175.0	NaN	57.0	NaN
C_4	2401	192.0	NaN	62.0	NaN
C_4	2402	NaN	166.0	NaN	82.0

df_stacked = df_s.stack()
df_stacked.groupby('Class').head(2)

			Height	Weight
Class	ID	Gender
C_1	1101	M	173.0	63.0
C_1	1102	F	192.0	73.0
C_2	1201	M	188.0	68.0
C_2	1202	F	176.0	94.0
C_3	1301	M	161.0	68.0
C_3	1302	F	175.0	57.0
C_4	2401	F	192.0	62.0
C_4	2402	M	166.0	82.0

stack函数可以看做将横向的索引放到纵向，因此功能类似与melt，参数level可指定变化的列索引是哪一层（或哪几层，需要列表）

df_stacked = df_s.stack(0)
df_stacked.groupby('Class').head(2)

		Gender	F	M
Class	ID
C_1	1101	Height	NaN	173.0
C_1	1101	Weight	NaN	63.0
C_2	1201	Height	NaN	188.0
C_2	1201	Weight	NaN	68.0
C_3	1301	Height	NaN	161.0
C_3	1301	Weight	NaN	68.0
C_4	2401	Height	192.0	NaN
C_4	2401	Weight	62.0	NaN

(2) unstack：stack的逆函数，功能上类似于pivot_table

df_stacked.head()

		Gender	F	M
Class	ID
C_1	1101	Height	NaN	173.0
	1101	Weight	NaN	63.0
	1102	Height	192.0	NaN
	1102	Weight	73.0	NaN
	1103	Height	NaN	186.0

result = df_stacked.unstack().swaplevel(1,0,axis=1).sort_index(axis=1)
result.equals(df_s)
#同样在unstack中可以指定level参数

True

三、哑变量与因子化

1. Dummy Variable（哑变量）

这里主要介绍get_dummies函数，其功能主要是进行one-hot编码：

df_d = df[['Class','Gender','Weight']]
df_d.head()

	Class	Gender	Weight
0	C_1	M	63
1	C_1	F	73
2	C_1	M	82
3	C_1	F	81
4	C_1	F	64

现在希望将上面的表格前两列转化为哑变量，并加入第三列Weight数值：

pd.get_dummies(df_d[['Class','Gender']]).join(df_d['Weight']).head()
#可选prefix参数添加前缀，prefix_sep添加分隔符

	Class_C_1	Gender_F	Gender_M	Weight
0	1	0	1	63
1	1	1	0	73
2	1	0	1	82
3	1	1	0	81
4	1	1	0	64

2. factorize方法

该方法主要用于自然数编码，并且缺失值会被记做-1，其中sort参数表示是否排序后赋值

codes, uniques = pd.factorize(['b', None, 'a', 'c', 'b'], sort=True)
display(codes)
display(uniques)

array([ 1, -1,  0,  2,  1])



array(['a', 'b', 'c'], dtype=object)

四、问题与练习

1. 问题

【问题一】上面提到了许多变形函数，如melt/crosstab/pivot/pivot_table/stack/unstack函数，请总结它们各自的使用特点。

melt:将某一列横向展开,即该列每一个值作为新列
crosstab:交叉表是一种特殊的透视表，典型的用途如分组统计,统计两列特征值组合的频数
pivot:将某一列横向展开,即该列每一个值作为新列,要求列值和索引组合不能重复
pivot_table:pd函数将某一列横向展开,即该列每一个值作为新列,列值和索引组合可以重复,但运行速度慢
stack:相当于pivot的逆操作
unstack:和pivot_table类似,是stack的逆操作

【问题二】变形函数和多级索引是什么关系？哪些变形函数会使得索引维数变化？具体如何变化？

变形函数会增加或减少新列,而多级索引不会,展示方式不一样  
unstack和pivot_table:可设置多级索引,使维度增加

#### 【问题三】 请举出一个除了上文提过的关于哑变量方法的例子。
from numpy import array
from numpy import argmax
from sklearn.preprocessing import LabelEncoder
from sklearn.preprocessing import OneHotEncoder
# define example
data = df['Gender']
values = array(data)
print(values)
# integer encode
label_encoder = LabelEncoder()
integer_encoded = label_encoder.fit_transform(values)
print(integer_encoded)
# binary encode
onehot_encoder = OneHotEncoder(sparse=False)
integer_encoded = integer_encoded.reshape(len(integer_encoded), 1)
onehot_encoded = onehot_encoder.fit_transform(integer_encoded)
print(onehot_encoded)
# invert first example
inverted = label_encoder.inverse_transform([argmax(onehot_encoded[0, :])])
# print(inverted)

['M' 'F' 'M' 'F' 'F' 'M' 'F' 'M' 'F' 'F' 'M' 'F' 'M' 'M' 'F' 'M' 'F' 'M'
 'F' 'M' 'M' 'F' 'M' 'M' 'F' 'F' 'M' 'F' 'F' 'M' 'F' 'M' 'F' 'F' 'F']
[1 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 1 0 1 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0]
[[0. 1.]
 [1. 0.]
 [0. 1.]
 [1. 0.]
 [1. 0.]
 [0. 1.]
 [1. 0.]
 [0. 1.]
 [1. 0.]
 [1. 0.]
 [0. 1.]
 [1. 0.]
 [0. 1.]
 [0. 1.]
 [1. 0.]
 [0. 1.]
 [1. 0.]
 [0. 1.]
 [1. 0.]
 [0. 1.]
 [0. 1.]
 [1. 0.]
 [0. 1.]
 [0. 1.]
 [1. 0.]
 [1. 0.]
 [0. 1.]
 [1. 0.]
 [1. 0.]
 [0. 1.]
 [1. 0.]
 [0. 1.]
 [1. 0.]
 [1. 0.]
 [1. 0.]]

#### 【问题四】 使用完stack后立即使用unstack一定能保证变化结果与原始表完全一致吗？
df_s = pd.pivot_table(df,index=['Class','ID'],columns=['Gender','Address'],values='Height')
df_s.head()

	Gender	F						M
	Address	street_1	street_2	street_4	street_5	street_6	street_7	street_1	street_2	street_4	street_5	street_6	street_7
Class	ID
C_1	1101	NaN	NaN	NaN	NaN	NaN	NaN	173.0	NaN	NaN	NaN	NaN	NaN
	1102	NaN	192.0	NaN	NaN	NaN	NaN	NaN	NaN	NaN	NaN	NaN	NaN
	1103	NaN	NaN	NaN	NaN	NaN	NaN	NaN	186.0	NaN	NaN	NaN	NaN
	1104	NaN	167.0	NaN	NaN	NaN	NaN	NaN	NaN	NaN	NaN	NaN	NaN
	1105	NaN	NaN	159.0	NaN	NaN	NaN	NaN	NaN	NaN	NaN	NaN	NaN

df_s.stack().unstack().head()

	Gender	F						M
	Address	street_1	street_2	street_4	street_5	street_6	street_7	street_1	street_2	street_4	street_5	street_6	street_7
Class	ID
C_1	1101	NaN	NaN	NaN	NaN	NaN	NaN	173.0	NaN	NaN	NaN	NaN	NaN
	1102	NaN	192.0	NaN	NaN	NaN	NaN	NaN	NaN	NaN	NaN	NaN	NaN
	1103	NaN	NaN	NaN	NaN	NaN	NaN	NaN	186.0	NaN	NaN	NaN	NaN
	1104	NaN	167.0	NaN	NaN	NaN	NaN	NaN	NaN	NaN	NaN	NaN	NaN
	1105	NaN	NaN	159.0	NaN	NaN	NaN	NaN	NaN	NaN	NaN	NaN	NaN

不一定,数据顺序可能变了

#### 【问题五】 透视表中涉及了三个函数，请分别使用它们完成相同的目标（任务自定）并比较哪个速度最快。
%timeit df.pivot(index='ID',columns='Gender')
%timeit pd.pivot_table(df,index='ID',columns='Gender')
%timeit pd.crosstab(index=df['Address'],columns=df['Gender'])

19.7 ms ± 1.6 ms per loop (mean ± std. dev. of 7 runs, 10 loops each)
34 ms ± 1.8 ms per loop (mean ± std. dev. of 7 runs, 10 loops each)
27 ms ± 1.78 ms per loop (mean ± std. dev. of 7 runs, 10 loops each)

pivot最快,crosstab次之,pivot_table最慢m

#### 【问题六】 既然melt起到了stack的功能，为什么再设计stack函数？
参数level可指定变化的列索引是哪一层

2. 练习

【练习一】继续使用上一章的药物数据集：

df=pd.read_csv('data/Drugs.csv')
df.head()

	YYYY	State	COUNTY	SubstanceName	DrugReports
0	2010	VA	ACCOMACK	Propoxyphene	1
1	2010	OH	ADAMS	Morphine	9
2	2010	PA	ADAMS	Methadone	2
3	2010	VA	ALEXANDRIA CITY	Heroin	5
4	2010	PA	ALLEGHENY	Hydromorphone	5

(a) 现在请你将数据表转化成如下形态，每行需要显示每种药物在每个地区的10年至17年的变化情况，且前三列需要排序：

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result = pd.pivot_table(df,index=['State','COUNTY','SubstanceName']
                 ,columns='YYYY'
                 ,values='DrugReports',fill_value='-').reset_index().rename_axis(columns={'YYYY':''})
result.head()

	State	COUNTY	SubstanceName	2010	2011	2012	2013	2014	2015	2016	2017
0	KY	ADAIR	Buprenorphine	-	3	5	4	27	5	7	10
1	KY	ADAIR	Codeine	-	-	1	-	-	-	-	1
2	KY	ADAIR	Fentanyl	-	-	1	-	-	-	-	-
3	KY	ADAIR	Heroin	-	-	1	2	-	1	-	2
4	KY	ADAIR	Hydrocodone	6	9	10	10	9	7	11	3

#### (b) 现在请将(a)中的结果恢复到原数据表，并通过equal函数检验初始表与新的结果是否一致（返回True）
result_melted = result.melt(id_vars=result.columns[:3],value_vars=result.columns[-8:]
                ,var_name='YYYY',value_name='DrugReports').query('DrugReports != "-"')
result2 = result_melted.sort_values(by=['State','COUNTY','YYYY'
                                    ,'SubstanceName']).reset_index().drop(columns='index')
#下面其实无关紧要，只是交换两个列再改一下类型（因为‘-’所以type变成object了）
cols = list(result2.columns)
a, b = cols.index('SubstanceName'), cols.index('YYYY')
cols[b], cols[a] = cols[a], cols[b]
result2 = result2[cols].astype({'DrugReports':'int','YYYY':'int'})
result2.head()

	State	COUNTY	YYYY	SubstanceName	DrugReports
0	KY	ADAIR	2010	Hydrocodone	6
1	KY	ADAIR	2010	Methadone	1
2	KY	ADAIR	2011	Buprenorphine	3
3	KY	ADAIR	2011	Hydrocodone	9
4	KY	ADAIR	2011	Morphine	2

【练习二】现有一份关于某地区地震情况的数据集，请解决如下问题：

df=pd.read_csv('data/Earthquake.csv')
df.head()

	日期	时间	维度	经度	方向	距离	深度	烈度
0	2003.05.20	12:17:44 AM	39.04	40.38	west	0.1	10.0	0.0
1	2007.08.01	12:03:08 AM	40.79	30.09	west	0.1	5.2	4.0
2	1978.05.07	12:41:37 AM	38.58	27.61	south_west	0.1	0.0	0.0
3	1997.03.22	12:31:45 AM	39.47	36.44	south_west	0.1	10.0	0.0
4	2000.04.02	12:57:38 AM	40.80	30.24	south_west	0.1	7.0	0.0

(a) 现在请你将数据表转化成如下形态，将方向列展开，并将距离、深度和烈度三个属性压缩：

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result = pd.pivot_table(df,index=['日期','时间','维度','经度'],columns='方向',values=['深度','烈度','距离'],fill_value='-').stack(0).rename_axis(index={None:'地震参数'})
result

				方向	east	north	north_east	north_west	south	south_east	south_west	west
日期	时间	维度	经度	地震参数
1912.08.09	12:29:00 AM	40.60	27.20	深度	-	-	-	-	-	16	-	-
				烈度	-	-	-	-	-	6.7	-	-
				距离	-	-	-	-	-	4.3	-	-
1912.08.10	12:23:00 AM	40.60	27.10	深度	-	-	-	-	-	-	15	-
1912.08.10	12:23:00 AM	40.60	27.10	烈度	-	-	-	-	-	-	6	-
...	...	...	...	...	...	...	...	...	...	...	...	...
2017.07.30	12:21:33 AM	37.39	31.37	烈度	-	-	-	-	-	-	3.5	-
2017.07.30	12:21:33 AM	37.39	31.37	距离	-	-	-	-	-	-	6	-
2017.07.31	12:11:31 AM	37.42	31.37	深度	-	-	-	5.1	-	-	-	-
				烈度	-	-	-	3.5	-	-	-	-
				距离	-	-	-	6.2	-	-	-	-

30186 rows × 8 columns

(b) 现在请将(a)中的结果恢复到原数据表，并通过equal函数检验初始表与新的结果是否一致（返回True）

res = result.unstack().stack(0)[(~(result.unstack().stack(0)=='-')).any(1)].reset_index().rename_axis(columns={'地震参数':''}).sort_index(axis=1)

res[['日期','时间','维度','经度','方向','距离','深度','烈度']]

	日期	时间	维度	经度	方向	距离	深度	烈度
0	1912.08.09	12:29:00 AM	40.60	27.20	south_east	4.3	16	6.7
1	1912.08.10	12:23:00 AM	40.60	27.10	south_west	2	15	6
2	1912.08.10	12:30:00 AM	40.60	27.10	south_west	2	15	5.2
3	1912.08.11	12:19:04 AM	40.60	27.20	south_east	4.3	30	4.9
4	1912.08.11	12:20:00 AM	40.60	27.10	south_west	2	15	4.5
...	...	...	...	...	...	...	...	...
10057	2017.07.26	12:50:05 AM	40.76	32.87	south_east	2.1	5	3.7
10058	2017.07.29	12:24:11 AM	37.12	28.59	north	0.5	5	3.9
10059	2017.07.29	12:33:23 AM	37.11	27.73	north_east	1.2	6.5	3.5
10060	2017.07.30	12:21:33 AM	37.39	31.37	south_west	6	5	3.5
10061	2017.07.31	12:11:31 AM	37.42	31.37	north_west	6.2	5.1	3.5

10062 rows × 8 columns

lukem44

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第4章变形

第4章变形import numpy as npimport pandas as pddf = pd.read_csv('data/table.csv')df.head() School Class ID Gender Address Height Weight ...
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