实验目的和要求
熟悉运算符重载的定义和使用方法
实验内容
1.调试下列程序
- <span style="font-family:SimSun;font-size:16px;">//sy7_1.cpp
- #include<iostream>
- using namespace std;
- class complex
- {
- public:
- complex(){real=imag=0.0;}
- complex(double r){real=r;imag=0.0;}
- complex(double r,double i){real=r;imag=i;}
- complex operator + (const complex &c);
- complex operator - (const complex &c);
- complex operator * (const complex &c);
- complex operator / (const complex &c);
- friend void print(const complex &c);
- private:
- double real,imag;
- };
- inline complex complex::operator + (const complex &c)
- {
- return complex(real+c.real,imag+c.imag);
- }
- inline complex complex::operator - (const complex &c)
- {
- return complex(real-c.real,imag-c.imag);
- }
- inline complex complex::operator * (const complex &c)
- {
- return complex(real*c.real-imag*c.imag,real*c.imag+imag*c.real);
- }
- inline complex complex::operator / (const complex &c)
- {
- return complex((real*c.real+imag*c.imag)/(c.real*c.real+c.imag*c.imag),(imag*c.real-real*c.imag)/(c.real*c.real+c.imag*c.imag));
- }
- void print(const complex &c)
- {
- if(c.imag<0)
- cout<<c.real<<c.imag<<"i";
- else
- cout<<c.real<<"+"<<c.imag<<"i";
- }
- int main()
- {
- complex c1(2.0),c2(3.0,-1.0),c3;
- c3=c1+c2;
- cout<<"\nc1+c2= ";
- print(c3);
- c3=c1-c2;
- cout<<"\nc1-c2= ";
- print(c3);
- c3=c1*c2;
- cout<<"\nc1*c2= ";
- print(c3);
- c3=c1/c2;
- cout<<"\nc1/c2= ";
- print(c3);
- c3=(c1+c2)*(c1-c2)*c2/c1;
- cout<<"\n(c1+c2)*(c1-c2)*c2/c1= ";
- print(c3);
- cout<<endl;
- return 0;
- }</span>
//sy7_1.cpp
#include<iostream>
using namespace std;
class complex
{
public:
complex(){real=imag=0.0;}
complex(double r){real=r;imag=0.0;}
complex(double r,double i){real=r;imag=i;}
complex operator + (const complex &c);
complex operator - (const complex &c);
complex operator * (const complex &c);
complex operator / (const complex &c);
friend void print(const complex &c);
private:
double real,imag;
};
inline complex complex::operator + (const complex &c)
{
return complex(real+c.real,imag+c.imag);
}
inline complex complex::operator - (const complex &c)
{
return complex(real-c.real,imag-c.imag);
}
inline complex complex::operator * (const complex &c)
{
return complex(real*c.real-imag*c.imag,real*c.imag+imag*c.real);
}
inline complex complex::operator / (const complex &c)
{
return complex((real*c.real+imag*c.imag)/(c.real*c.real+c.imag*c.imag),(imag*c.real-real*c.imag)/(c.real*c.real+c.imag*c.imag));
}
void print(const complex &c)
{
if(c.imag<0)
cout<<c.real<<c.imag<<"i";
else
cout<<c.real<<"+"<<c.imag<<"i";
}
int main()
{
complex c1(2.0),c2(3.0,-1.0),c3;
c3=c1+c2;
cout<<"\nc1+c2= ";
print(c3);
c3=c1-c2;
cout<<"\nc1-c2= ";
print(c3);
c3=c1*c2;
cout<<"\nc1*c2= ";
print(c3);
c3=c1/c2;
cout<<"\nc1/c2= ";
print(c3);
c3=(c1+c2)*(c1-c2)*c2/c1;
cout<<"\n(c1+c2)*(c1-c2)*c2/c1= ";
print(c3);
cout<<endl;
return 0;
}
写出程序的输出结果,并解释
2.调试下列程序
- <span style="font-family:SimSun;"><span style="font-size:16px;">//sy7_1.cpp
- #include<iostream>
- using namespace std;
- class complex
- {
- public:
- complex(){real=imag=0.0;}
- complex(double r){real=r;imag=0.0;}
- complex(double r,double i){real=r;imag=i;}
- friend complex operator + (const complex &c1,const complex &c2);
- friend complex operator - (const complex &c1,const complex &c2);
- friend complex operator * (const complex &c1,const complex &c2);
- friend complex operator / (const complex &c1,const complex &c2);
- friend void print(const complex &c);
- private:
- double real,imag;
- };
- complex operator + (const complex &c1,const complex &c2)
- {
- return complex(c1.real+c2.real,c1.imag+c2.imag);
- }
- complex operator - (const complex &c1,const complex &c2)
- {
- return complex(c1.real-c2.real,c1.imag-c2.imag);
- }
- complex operator * (const complex &c1,const complex &c2)
- {
- return complex(c1.real*c2.real-c1.imag*c2.imag,c1.real*c2.imag+c1.imag*c2.real);
- }
- complex operator / (const complex &c1,const complex &c2)
- {
- return complex((c1.real*c2.real+c1.imag*c2.imag)/(c2.real*c2.real+c2.imag*c2.imag),(c1.imag*c2.real-c1.real*c2.imag)/(c2.real*c2.real+c2.imag*c2.imag));
- }
- void print(const complex &c)
- {
- if(c.imag<0)
- cout<<c.real<<c.imag<<"i";
- else
- cout<<c.real<<"+"<<c.imag<<"i";
- }
- int main()
- {
- complex c1(2.0),c2(3.0,-1.0),c3;
- c3=c1+c2;
- cout<<"\nc1+c2= ";
- print(c3);
- c3=c1-c2;
- cout<<"\nc1-c2= ";
- print(c3);
- c3=c1*c2;
- cout<<"\nc1*c2= ";
- print(c3);
- c3=c1/c2;
- cout<<"\nc1/c2= ";
- print(c3);
- c3=(c1+c2)*(c1-c2)*c2/c1;
- cout<<"\n(c1+c2)*(c1-c2)*c2/c1= ";
- print(c3);
- cout<<endl;
- return 0;
- }</span></span>
//sy7_1.cpp
#include<iostream>
using namespace std;
class complex
{
public:
complex(){real=imag=0.0;}
complex(double r){real=r;imag=0.0;}
complex(double r,double i){real=r;imag=i;}
friend complex operator + (const complex &c1,const complex &c2);
friend complex operator - (const complex &c1,const complex &c2);
friend complex operator * (const complex &c1,const complex &c2);
friend complex operator / (const complex &c1,const complex &c2);
friend void print(const complex &c);
private:
double real,imag;
};
complex operator + (const complex &c1,const complex &c2)
{
return complex(c1.real+c2.real,c1.imag+c2.imag);
}
complex operator - (const complex &c1,const complex &c2)
{
return complex(c1.real-c2.real,c1.imag-c2.imag);
}
complex operator * (const complex &c1,const complex &c2)
{
return complex(c1.real*c2.real-c1.imag*c2.imag,c1.real*c2.imag+c1.imag*c2.real);
}
complex operator / (const complex &c1,const complex &c2)
{
return complex((c1.real*c2.real+c1.imag*c2.imag)/(c2.real*c2.real+c2.imag*c2.imag),(c1.imag*c2.real-c1.real*c2.imag)/(c2.real*c2.real+c2.imag*c2.imag));
}
void print(const complex &c)
{
if(c.imag<0)
cout<<c.real<<c.imag<<"i";
else
cout<<c.real<<"+"<<c.imag<<"i";
}
int main()
{
complex c1(2.0),c2(3.0,-1.0),c3;
c3=c1+c2;
cout<<"\nc1+c2= ";
print(c3);
c3=c1-c2;
cout<<"\nc1-c2= ";
print(c3);
c3=c1*c2;
cout<<"\nc1*c2= ";
print(c3);
c3=c1/c2;
cout<<"\nc1/c2= ";
print(c3);
c3=(c1+c2)*(c1-c2)*c2/c1;
cout<<"\n(c1+c2)*(c1-c2)*c2/c1= ";
print(c3);
cout<<endl;
return 0;
}
写出程序的输出结果,并解释
3.定义一个Time类用来保存时间(时,分,秒),通过重载操作符“+”实现两个时间的相加。(sy7_3.cpp)
编写程序如下:
- <span style="font-family:SimSun;font-size:16px;"> //sy7_3.cpp
- #include <stdio.h>
- class Time
- {
- public:
- Time(){ hours=0;minutes=0;seconds=0;} //无参构造函数
- Time(int h, int m,int s) //重载构造函数
- {
- hours=h; minutes=m; seconds=s;
- }
- Time operator +(Time&); //操作符重载为成员函数,返回结果为Time类
- void gettime();
- private:
- int hours,minutes,seconds;
- };
- Time Time::operator +(Time& time)
- {
- int h,m,s;
- s=time.seconds+seconds;
- m=time.minutes+minutes+s/60;
- h=time.hours+hours+m/60;
- Time result(h,m%60,s%60);
- return result;
- }
- void Time::gettime()
- {
- printf("%d:%d:%d\n",hours,minutes,seconds);
- }
- int main( )
- {
- Time t1(20,30,40),t2(3,15,20),t3;
- t3=t1+t2;
- t3.gettime();
- return 0;
- }</span>
//sy7_3.cpp
#include <stdio.h>
class Time
{
public:
Time(){ hours=0;minutes=0;seconds=0;} //无参构造函数
Time(int h, int m,int s) //重载构造函数
{
hours=h; minutes=m; seconds=s;
}
Time operator +(Time&); //操作符重载为成员函数,返回结果为Time类
void gettime();
private:
int hours,minutes,seconds;
};
Time Time::operator +(Time& time)
{
int h,m,s;
s=time.seconds+seconds;
m=time.minutes+minutes+s/60;
h=time.hours+hours+m/60;
Time result(h,m%60,s%60);
return result;
}
void Time::gettime()
{
printf("%d:%d:%d\n",hours,minutes,seconds);
}
int main( )
{
Time t1(20,30,40),t2(3,15,20),t3;
t3=t1+t2;
t3.gettime();
return 0;
}
程序输出结果如下:
分析与讨论
结合上题中的程序总结运算符重载的形式。
答:运算符函数重载一般有两种形式:重载为类的成员函数和重载为类的非成员函数。非成员函数通常是友元。(可以把一个运算符作为一个非成员、非友元函数重载;但是,这样的运算符函数访问类的私有和保护成员时,必须使用类的公有接口中提供的设置数据和读取数据的函数,调用这些函数时会降低性能。可以内联这些函数以提高性能。)
当运算符重载为类的成员函数时,函数的参数个数比原来的操作数要少一个(后置单目运算符除外),这是因为成员函数用this指针隐式地访问了类的一个对象,它充当了运算符函数最左边的操作数。因此:双目运算符重载为类的成员函数时,函数只显式说明一个参数,该形参是运算符的右操作数。前置单目运算符重载为类的成员函数时,不需要显式说明参数,即函数没有形参。后置单目运算符重载为类的成员函数时,函数要带有一个整型形参。
当运算符重载为类的友元函数时,由于没有隐含的this指针,因此操作数的个数没有变化,所有的操作数都必须通过函数的形参进行传递,函数的参数与操作数自左至右一一对应。
实验总结
通过本次实验,我了解了运算符重载的定义,运算符重载就是对已有的运算符重新进行定义,赋予其另一种功能,以适应不同的数据类型。重载运算符必须遵循的规则有:重载运算符必须符合语言语法、不能重载内部C++数据类型进行操作的运算符、不能创建新的运算符、不能重载. .* :: ?:这些运算符、重载运算符要保持原有的基本语义不变。若用成员函数重载运算符需要的参数的个数总比它的操作数少一个,若用友元函数重载运算符需要的参数的个数总比它的操作数一样多。同时也多运算符重载的使用方法有了一定的了解。