Pandas时间序列大揭秘：让时间不再‘熊’你，数据变身‘舞林高手’！-CSDN博客

本文链接：https://blog.csdn.net/luorongxi123/article/details/140457126

在这里插入图片描述

1. 导包

# 导包
import numpy as np
import pandas as pd

2. 时间戳

2.1 时间创建

# 创建时刻数据
pd.Timestamp("2024-2-8")

Timestamp('2024-02-08 00:00:00')

# 创建时期数据，freq（Y：年，M：月，D：日）默认是D
pd.Period("2024-2-8",freq="D")

Period('2024-02-08', 'D')

# 批量生成时刻数据
# periods=4：创建4个时间
# freq="D"：按填周期
index = pd.date_range("2024.02.08",periods=4,freq="D")
index

DatetimeIndex(['2024-02-08', '2024-02-09', '2024-02-10', '2024-02-11'], dtype='datetime64[ns]', freq='D')

# 批量生成时期数据
index = pd.period_range("2024.02.08",periods=4,freq="D")
index

PeriodIndex(['2024-02-08', '2024-02-09', '2024-02-10', '2024-02-11'], dtype='period[D]')

# 时间戳索引
pd.Series(np.random.randint(0,10,size=4),index=index)

2024-02-08    7
2024-02-09    4
2024-02-10    3
2024-02-11    7
Freq: D, dtype: int32

2.2 时间转换方法

pd.to_datetime(["2024.02.08","2024.02.09"])

DatetimeIndex(['2024-02-08', '2024-02-09'], dtype='datetime64[ns]', freq=None)

# 时间戳 -> 时间
pd.to_datetime([1899678987],unit="s")

DatetimeIndex(['2030-03-14 00:36:27'], dtype='datetime64[ns]', freq=None)

dt = pd.to_datetime([1899678987000],unit="ms")
dt

DatetimeIndex(['2030-03-14 00:36:27'], dtype='datetime64[ns]', freq=None)

# 时间差：DateOffset
dt + pd.DateOffset(hours=8)    # +8小时

DatetimeIndex(['2030-03-14 08:36:27'], dtype='datetime64[ns]', freq=None)

dt + pd.DateOffset(days=8)    # +8天

DatetimeIndex(['2030-03-22 00:36:27'], dtype='datetime64[ns]', freq=None)

dt - pd.DateOffset(days=8)    # -8天

DatetimeIndex(['2030-03-06 00:36:27'], dtype='datetime64[ns]', freq=None)

dt + pd.DateOffset(days=-8)    # -8天

DatetimeIndex(['2030-03-06 00:36:27'], dtype='datetime64[ns]', freq=None)

2.3 时间戳的索引和切片

index = pd.date_range("2024-2-8",periods=100,freq="D")
index

DatetimeIndex(['2024-02-08', '2024-02-09', '2024-02-10', '2024-02-11',
               '2024-02-12', '2024-02-13', '2024-02-14', '2024-02-15',
               '2024-02-16', '2024-02-17', '2024-02-18', '2024-02-19',
               '2024-02-20', '2024-02-21', '2024-02-22', '2024-02-23',
               '2024-02-24', '2024-02-25', '2024-02-26', '2024-02-27',
               '2024-02-28', '2024-02-29', '2024-03-01', '2024-03-02',
               '2024-03-03', '2024-03-04', '2024-03-05', '2024-03-06',
               '2024-03-07', '2024-03-08', '2024-03-09', '2024-03-10',
               '2024-03-11', '2024-03-12', '2024-03-13', '2024-03-14',
               '2024-03-15', '2024-03-16', '2024-03-17', '2024-03-18',
               '2024-03-19', '2024-03-20', '2024-03-21', '2024-03-22',
               '2024-03-23', '2024-03-24', '2024-03-25', '2024-03-26',
               '2024-03-27', '2024-03-28', '2024-03-29', '2024-03-30',
               '2024-03-31', '2024-04-01', '2024-04-02', '2024-04-03',
               '2024-04-04', '2024-04-05', '2024-04-06', '2024-04-07',
               '2024-04-08', '2024-04-09', '2024-04-10', '2024-04-11',
               '2024-04-12', '2024-04-13', '2024-04-14', '2024-04-15',
               '2024-04-16', '2024-04-17', '2024-04-18', '2024-04-19',
               '2024-04-20', '2024-04-21', '2024-04-22', '2024-04-23',
               '2024-04-24', '2024-04-25', '2024-04-26', '2024-04-27',
               '2024-04-28', '2024-04-29', '2024-04-30', '2024-05-01',
               '2024-05-02', '2024-05-03', '2024-05-04', '2024-05-05',
               '2024-05-06', '2024-05-07', '2024-05-08', '2024-05-09',
               '2024-05-10', '2024-05-11', '2024-05-12', '2024-05-13',
               '2024-05-14', '2024-05-15', '2024-05-16', '2024-05-17'],
              dtype='datetime64[ns]', freq='D')

ts = pd.Series(range(len(index)),index=index)
ts

2024-02-08     0
2024-02-09     1
2024-02-10     2
2024-02-11     3
2024-02-12     4
              ..
2024-05-13    95
2024-05-14    96
2024-05-15    97
2024-05-16    98
2024-05-17    99
Freq: D, Length: 100, dtype: int64

# 索引
ts["2024-02-09"]

# 取2月份所有的值
ts["2024-02"]

2024-02-08     0
2024-02-09     1
2024-02-10     2
2024-02-11     3
2024-02-12     4
2024-02-13     5
2024-02-14     6
2024-02-15     7
2024-02-16     8
2024-02-17     9
2024-02-18    10
2024-02-19    11
2024-02-20    12
2024-02-21    13
2024-02-22    14
2024-02-23    15
2024-02-24    16
2024-02-25    17
2024-02-26    18
2024-02-27    19
2024-02-28    20
2024-02-29    21
Freq: D, dtype: int64

# 切片
ts["2024-02-15":"2024-02-22"]

2024-02-15     7
2024-02-16     8
2024-02-17     9
2024-02-18    10
2024-02-19    11
2024-02-20    12
2024-02-21    13
2024-02-22    14
Freq: D, dtype: int64

# 使用时间戳索引
ts[pd.Timestamp("2024-02-22")]

# 切片
ts[pd.Timestamp("2024-02-15"):pd.Timestamp("2024-02-22")]

2024-02-15     7
2024-02-16     8
2024-02-17     9
2024-02-18    10
2024-02-19    11
2024-02-20    12
2024-02-21    13
2024-02-22    14
Freq: D, dtype: int64

# date_range截取
ts[pd.date_range("2024-02-15",periods=10,freq="D")]

2024-02-15     7
2024-02-16     8
2024-02-17     9
2024-02-18    10
2024-02-19    11
2024-02-20    12
2024-02-21    13
2024-02-22    14
2024-02-23    15
2024-02-24    16
Freq: D, dtype: int64

2.4 属性

ts.index

DatetimeIndex(['2024-02-08', '2024-02-09', '2024-02-10', '2024-02-11',
               '2024-02-12', '2024-02-13', '2024-02-14', '2024-02-15',
               '2024-02-16', '2024-02-17', '2024-02-18', '2024-02-19',
               '2024-02-20', '2024-02-21', '2024-02-22', '2024-02-23',
               '2024-02-24', '2024-02-25', '2024-02-26', '2024-02-27',
               '2024-02-28', '2024-02-29', '2024-03-01', '2024-03-02',
               '2024-03-03', '2024-03-04', '2024-03-05', '2024-03-06',
               '2024-03-07', '2024-03-08', '2024-03-09', '2024-03-10',
               '2024-03-11', '2024-03-12', '2024-03-13', '2024-03-14',
               '2024-03-15', '2024-03-16', '2024-03-17', '2024-03-18',
               '2024-03-19', '2024-03-20', '2024-03-21', '2024-03-22',
               '2024-03-23', '2024-03-24', '2024-03-25', '2024-03-26',
               '2024-03-27', '2024-03-28', '2024-03-29', '2024-03-30',
               '2024-03-31', '2024-04-01', '2024-04-02', '2024-04-03',
               '2024-04-04', '2024-04-05', '2024-04-06', '2024-04-07',
               '2024-04-08', '2024-04-09', '2024-04-10', '2024-04-11',
               '2024-04-12', '2024-04-13', '2024-04-14', '2024-04-15',
               '2024-04-16', '2024-04-17', '2024-04-18', '2024-04-19',
               '2024-04-20', '2024-04-21', '2024-04-22', '2024-04-23',
               '2024-04-24', '2024-04-25', '2024-04-26', '2024-04-27',
               '2024-04-28', '2024-04-29', '2024-04-30', '2024-05-01',
               '2024-05-02', '2024-05-03', '2024-05-04', '2024-05-05',
               '2024-05-06', '2024-05-07', '2024-05-08', '2024-05-09',
               '2024-05-10', '2024-05-11', '2024-05-12', '2024-05-13',
               '2024-05-14', '2024-05-15', '2024-05-16', '2024-05-17'],
              dtype='datetime64[ns]', freq='D')

# 年
ts.index.year

Index([2024, 2024, 2024, 2024, 2024, 2024, 2024, 2024, 2024, 2024, 2024, 2024,
       2024, 2024, 2024, 2024, 2024, 2024, 2024, 2024, 2024, 2024, 2024, 2024,
       2024, 2024, 2024, 2024, 2024, 2024, 2024, 2024, 2024, 2024, 2024, 2024,
       2024, 2024, 2024, 2024, 2024, 2024, 2024, 2024, 2024, 2024, 2024, 2024,
       2024, 2024, 2024, 2024, 2024, 2024, 2024, 2024, 2024, 2024, 2024, 2024,
       2024, 2024, 2024, 2024, 2024, 2024, 2024, 2024, 2024, 2024, 2024, 2024,
       2024, 2024, 2024, 2024, 2024, 2024, 2024, 2024, 2024, 2024, 2024, 2024,
       2024, 2024, 2024, 2024, 2024, 2024, 2024, 2024, 2024, 2024, 2024, 2024,
       2024, 2024, 2024, 2024],
      dtype='int32')

# 月
ts.index.month

Index([2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 3, 3,
       3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3,
       3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4,
       4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5,
       5, 5, 5, 5],
      dtype='int32')

# 日
ts.index.day

Index([ 8,  9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25,
       26, 27, 28, 29,  1,  2,  3,  4,  5,  6,  7,  8,  9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14,
       15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31,  1,
        2,  3,  4,  5,  6,  7,  8,  9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19,
       20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30,  1,  2,  3,  4,  5,  6,  7,
        8,  9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17],
      dtype='int32')

# 星期几
ts.index.dayofweek

Index([3, 4, 5, 6, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5,
       6, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 0, 1,
       2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4,
       5, 6, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 0,
       1, 2, 3, 4],
      dtype='int32')

3. 时间序列常用方法

3.1 对时间做一些移动/滞后、频率转换、采样等相关操作

index = pd.date_range("2024-2-8",periods=365,freq="D")
ts = pd.Series(np.random.randint(0,500,len(index)),index=index)
ts

2024-02-08    381
2024-02-09    120
2024-02-10    209
2024-02-11     33
2024-02-12    367
             ... 
2025-02-02     56
2025-02-03    395
2025-02-04    129
2025-02-05    129
2025-02-06     71
Freq: D, Length: 365, dtype: int32

3.2 移动

# 默认后移1位
ts.shift()

2024-02-08      NaN
2024-02-09    381.0
2024-02-10    120.0
2024-02-11    209.0
2024-02-12     33.0
              ...  
2025-02-02     12.0
2025-02-03     56.0
2025-02-04    395.0
2025-02-05    129.0
2025-02-06    129.0
Freq: D, Length: 365, dtype: float64

# 后移2位
ts.shift(periods=2)

2024-02-08      NaN
2024-02-09      NaN
2024-02-10    381.0
2024-02-11    120.0
2024-02-12    209.0
              ...  
2025-02-02    349.0
2025-02-03     12.0
2025-02-04     56.0
2025-02-05    395.0
2025-02-06    129.0
Freq: D, Length: 365, dtype: float64

ts.shift(periods=-2)

2024-02-08    209.0
2024-02-09     33.0
2024-02-10    367.0
2024-02-11    154.0
2024-02-12     43.0
              ...  
2025-02-02    129.0
2025-02-03    129.0
2025-02-04     71.0
2025-02-05      NaN
2025-02-06      NaN
Freq: D, Length: 365, dtype: float64

3.3 频率转换

# 天 -> 星期
ts.asfreq(pd.tseries.offsets.Week())

2024-02-08    381
2024-02-15     68
2024-02-22    432
2024-02-29    191
2024-03-07    490
2024-03-14    297
2024-03-21    244
2024-03-28    405
2024-04-04    129
2024-04-11    492
2024-04-18    351
2024-04-25    226
2024-05-02    460
2024-05-09    375
2024-05-16    296
2024-05-23    428
2024-05-30    379
2024-06-06    431
2024-06-13    296
2024-06-20    274
2024-06-27    321
2024-07-04    242
2024-07-11    110
2024-07-18    298
2024-07-25    236
2024-08-01    281
2024-08-08     81
2024-08-15    415
2024-08-22    489
2024-08-29     14
2024-09-05     80
2024-09-12    197
2024-09-19    245
2024-09-26    261
2024-10-03    240
2024-10-10    324
2024-10-17    474
2024-10-24    283
2024-10-31     44
2024-11-07     98
2024-11-14    380
2024-11-21     13
2024-11-28     42
2024-12-05    292
2024-12-12     95
2024-12-19    147
2024-12-26    348
2025-01-02    379
2025-01-09     54
2025-01-16    235
2025-01-23      8
2025-01-30    479
2025-02-06     71
Freq: W, dtype: int32

# 天 -> 月
ts.asfreq(pd.tseries.offsets.MonthEnd())

2024-02-29    191
2024-03-31    237
2024-04-30    344
2024-05-31    440
2024-06-30    425
2024-07-31    268
2024-08-31    325
2024-09-30    307
2024-10-31     44
2024-11-30     91
2024-12-31    289
2025-01-31    349
Freq: M, dtype: int32

# 天 -> 小时，数据由少变多：fill_value填充
ts.asfreq(pd.tseries.offsets.Hour(),fill_value=0)

2024-02-08 00:00:00    381
2024-02-08 01:00:00      0
2024-02-08 02:00:00      0
2024-02-08 03:00:00      0
2024-02-08 04:00:00      0
                      ... 
2025-02-05 20:00:00      0
2025-02-05 21:00:00      0
2025-02-05 22:00:00      0
2025-02-05 23:00:00      0
2025-02-06 00:00:00     71
Freq: H, Length: 8737, dtype: int32

4. resample：根据日期维度进行数据聚合

4.1 按照分钟（T）、小时（H）、日（D）、周（W）、月（M）、年（Y）等来作为日期维度

index = pd.date_range("2024-2-8",periods=365,freq="D")
ts = pd.Series(np.random.randint(0,500,len(index)),index=index)
ts

2024-02-08    484
2024-02-09     23
2024-02-10    135
2024-02-11    407
2024-02-12    169
             ... 
2025-02-02    358
2025-02-03     52
2025-02-04    140
2025-02-05    305
2025-02-06    227
Freq: D, Length: 365, dtype: int32

# 重采样 resample
ts.resample("D").sum()   # 以1天为单位进行汇总，求和

2024-02-08    484
2024-02-09     23
2024-02-10    135
2024-02-11    407
2024-02-12    169
             ... 
2025-02-02    358
2025-02-03     52
2025-02-04    140
2025-02-05    305
2025-02-06    227
Freq: D, Length: 365, dtype: int32

ts.resample("2D").sum()   # 以2天为单位进行汇总，求和

2024-02-08    507
2024-02-10    542
2024-02-12    397
2024-02-14    696
2024-02-16    670
             ... 
2025-01-29    696
2025-01-31    911
2025-02-02    410
2025-02-04    445
2025-02-06    227
Freq: 2D, Length: 183, dtype: int32

ts.resample("2W").sum()   # 以2周为单位进行汇总，求和

2024-02-11    1049
2024-02-25    3436
2024-03-10    3220
2024-03-24    3876
2024-04-07    3139
2024-04-21    3295
2024-05-05    3379
2024-05-19    3297
2024-06-02    3369
2024-06-16    2960
2024-06-30    4095
2024-07-14    2866
2024-07-28    2571
2024-08-11    3603
2024-08-25    3739
2024-09-08    3119
2024-09-22    2961
2024-10-06    2966
2024-10-20    3809
2024-11-03    3701
2024-11-17    3496
2024-12-01    4087
2024-12-15    3275
2024-12-29    3301
2025-01-12    3018
2025-01-26    3032
2025-02-09    3260
Freq: 2W-SUN, dtype: int32

ts.resample("3M").sum()   # 以3个月（季度）为单位进行汇总，求和

2024-02-29     5418
2024-05-31    22268
2024-08-31    21430
2024-11-30    22536
2025-02-28    16267
Freq: 3M, dtype: int32

ts.resample("3M").sum().cumsum()   # 以3个月（季度）为单位进行汇总，求和，累加

2024-02-29     5418
2024-05-31    27686
2024-08-31    49116
2024-11-30    71652
2025-02-28    87919
Freq: 3M, dtype: int32

ts.resample("H").sum()   # 以1小时为单位进行汇总，求和

2024-02-08 00:00:00    484
2024-02-08 01:00:00      0
2024-02-08 02:00:00      0
2024-02-08 03:00:00      0
2024-02-08 04:00:00      0
                      ... 
2025-02-05 20:00:00      0
2025-02-05 21:00:00      0
2025-02-05 22:00:00      0
2025-02-05 23:00:00      0
2025-02-06 00:00:00    227
Freq: H, Length: 8737, dtype: int32

ts.resample("T").sum()   # 以1分钟为单位进行汇总，求和

2024-02-08 00:00:00    484
2024-02-08 00:01:00      0
2024-02-08 00:02:00      0
2024-02-08 00:03:00      0
2024-02-08 00:04:00      0
                      ... 
2025-02-05 23:56:00      0
2025-02-05 23:57:00      0
2025-02-05 23:58:00      0
2025-02-05 23:59:00      0
2025-02-06 00:00:00    227
Freq: T, Length: 524161, dtype: int32

ts.resample("S").sum()   # 以1秒为单位进行汇总，求和

2024-02-08 00:00:00    484
2024-02-08 00:00:01      0
2024-02-08 00:00:02      0
2024-02-08 00:00:03      0
2024-02-08 00:00:04      0
                      ... 
2025-02-05 23:59:56      0
2025-02-05 23:59:57      0
2025-02-05 23:59:58      0
2025-02-05 23:59:59      0
2025-02-06 00:00:00    227
Freq: S, Length: 31449601, dtype: int32

# DataFrame重采样
d = {
    "price":[10,11,2,44,33,44,55,66],
    "score":[40,30,20,50,60,70,80,10],
    "week":pd.date_range("2024-2-8",periods=8,freq="W")
}
df = pd.DataFrame(d)
df

	price	score	week
0	10	40	2024-02-11
1	11	30	2024-02-18
2	2	20	2024-02-25
3	44	50	2024-03-03
4	33	60	2024-03-10
5	44	70	2024-03-17
6	55	80	2024-03-24
7	66	10	2024-03-31

# 对week列进行按月汇总求和
df.resample("M",on="week").sum()

	price	score
week
2024-02-29	23	90
2024-03-31	242	270

df.resample("M",on="week").apply(np.sum)

	price	score
week
2024-02-29	23	90
2024-03-31	242	270

# 对week列进行按月汇总：price求平均值，score求和
df.resample("M",on="week").agg({"price":np.mean,"score":np.sum})

	price	score
week
2024-02-29	7.666667	90
2024-03-31	48.400000	270

5. 时区

index = pd.date_range("2024-2-8 00:00",periods=3,freq="D")
ts = pd.Series(np.random.randn(len(index)),index=index)
ts

2024-02-08    1.866786
2024-02-09   -0.475396
2024-02-10   -0.723146
Freq: D, dtype: float64

# tz：timezone 时区
import pytz

# 常用的时区
pytz.common_timezones

['Africa/Abidjan', 'Africa/Accra', 'Africa/Addis_Ababa', 'Africa/Algiers', 'Africa/Asmara', 'Africa/Bamako', 'Africa/Bangui', 'Africa/Banjul', 'Africa/Bissau', 'Africa/Blantyre', 'Africa/Brazzaville', 'Africa/Bujumbura', 'Africa/Cairo', 'Africa/Casablanca', 'Africa/Ceuta', 'Africa/Conakry', 'Africa/Dakar', 'Africa/Dar_es_Salaam', 'Africa/Djibouti', 'Africa/Douala', 'Africa/El_Aaiun', 'Africa/Freetown', 'Africa/Gaborone', 'Africa/Harare', 'Africa/Johannesburg', 'Africa/Juba', 'Africa/Kampala', 'Africa/Khartoum', 'Africa/Kigali', 'Africa/Kinshasa', 'Africa/Lagos', 'Africa/Libreville', 'Africa/Lome', 'Africa/Luanda', 'Africa/Lubumbashi', 'Africa/Lusaka', 'Africa/Malabo', 'Africa/Maputo', 'Africa/Maseru', 'Africa/Mbabane', 'Africa/Mogadishu', 'Africa/Monrovia', 'Africa/Nairobi', 'Africa/Ndjamena', 'Africa/Niamey', 'Africa/Nouakchott', 'Africa/Ouagadougou', 'Africa/Porto-Novo', 'Africa/Sao_Tome', 'Africa/Tripoli', 'Africa/Tunis', 'Africa/Windhoek', 'America/Adak', 'America/Anchorage', 'America/Anguilla', 'America/Antigua', 'America/Araguaina', 'America/Argentina/Buenos_Aires', 'America/Argentina/Catamarca', 'America/Argentina/Cordoba', 'America/Argentina/Jujuy', 'America/Argentina/La_Rioja', 'America/Argentina/Mendoza', 'America/Argentina/Rio_Gallegos', 'America/Argentina/Salta', 'America/Argentina/San_Juan', 'America/Argentina/San_Luis', 'America/Argentina/Tucuman', 'America/Argentina/Ushuaia', 'America/Aruba', 'America/Asuncion', 'America/Atikokan', 'America/Bahia', 'America/Bahia_Banderas', 'America/Barbados', 'America/Belem', 'America/Belize', 'America/Blanc-Sablon', 'America/Boa_Vista', 'America/Bogota', 'America/Boise', 'America/Cambridge_Bay', 'America/Campo_Grande', 'America/Cancun', 'America/Caracas', 'America/Cayenne', 'America/Cayman', 'America/Chicago', 'America/Chihuahua', 'America/Ciudad_Juarez', 'America/Costa_Rica', 'America/Creston', 'America/Cuiaba', 'America/Curacao', 'America/Danmarkshavn', 'America/Dawson', 'America/Dawson_Creek', 'America/Denver', 'America/Detroit', 'America/Dominica', 'America/Edmonton', 'America/Eirunepe', 'America/El_Salvador', 'America/Fort_Nelson', 'America/Fortaleza', 'America/Glace_Bay', 'America/Goose_Bay', 'America/Grand_Turk', 'America/Grenada', 'America/Guadeloupe', 'America/Guatemala', 'America/Guayaquil', 'America/Guyana', 'America/Halifax', 'America/Havana', 'America/Hermosillo', 'America/Indiana/Indianapolis', 'America/Indiana/Knox', 'America/Indiana/Marengo', 'America/Indiana/Petersburg', 'America/Indiana/Tell_City', 'America/Indiana/Vevay', 'America/Indiana/Vincennes', 'America/Indiana/Winamac', 'America/Inuvik', 'America/Iqaluit', 'America/Jamaica', 'America/Juneau', 'America/Kentucky/Louisville', 'America/Kentucky/Monticello', 'America/Kralendijk', 'America/La_Paz', 'America/Lima', 'America/Los_Angeles', 'America/Lower_Princes', 'America/Maceio', 'America/Managua', 'America/Manaus', 'America/Marigot', 'America/Martinique', 'America/Matamoros', 'America/Mazatlan', 'America/Menominee', 'America/Merida', 'America/Metlakatla', 'America/Mexico_City', 'America/Miquelon', 'America/Moncton', 'America/Monterrey', 'America/Montevideo', 'America/Montserrat', 'America/Nassau', 'America/New_York', 'America/Nome', 'America/Noronha', 'America/North_Dakota/Beulah', 'America/North_Dakota/Center', 'America/North_Dakota/New_Salem', 'America/Nuuk', 'America/Ojinaga', 'America/Panama', 'America/Paramaribo', 'America/Phoenix', 'America/Port-au-Prince', 'America/Port_of_Spain', 'America/Porto_Velho', 'America/Puerto_Rico', 'America/Punta_Arenas', 'America/Rankin_Inlet', 'America/Recife', 'America/Regina', 'America/Resolute', 'America/Rio_Branco', 'America/Santarem', 'America/Santiago', 'America/Santo_Domingo', 'America/Sao_Paulo', 'America/Scoresbysund', 'America/Sitka', 'America/St_Barthelemy', 'America/St_Johns', 'America/St_Kitts', 'America/St_Lucia', 'America/St_Thomas', 'America/St_Vincent', 'America/Swift_Current', 'America/Tegucigalpa', 'America/Thule', 'America/Tijuana', 'America/Toronto', 'America/Tortola', 'America/Vancouver', 'America/Whitehorse', 'America/Winnipeg', 'America/Yakutat', 'Antarctica/Casey', 'Antarctica/Davis', 'Antarctica/DumontDUrville', 'Antarctica/Macquarie', 'Antarctica/Mawson', 'Antarctica/McMurdo', 'Antarctica/Palmer', 'Antarctica/Rothera', 'Antarctica/Syowa', 'Antarctica/Troll', 'Antarctica/Vostok', 'Arctic/Longyearbyen', 'Asia/Aden', 'Asia/Almaty', 'Asia/Amman', 'Asia/Anadyr', 'Asia/Aqtau', 'Asia/Aqtobe', 'Asia/Ashgabat', 'Asia/Atyrau', 'Asia/Baghdad', 'Asia/Bahrain', 'Asia/Baku', 'Asia/Bangkok', 'Asia/Barnaul', 'Asia/Beirut', 'Asia/Bishkek', 'Asia/Brunei', 'Asia/Chita', 'Asia/Choibalsan', 'Asia/Colombo', 'Asia/Damascus', 'Asia/Dhaka', 'Asia/Dili', 'Asia/Dubai', 'Asia/Dushanbe', 'Asia/Famagusta', 'Asia/Gaza', 'Asia/Hebron', 'Asia/Ho_Chi_Minh', 'Asia/Hong_Kong', 'Asia/Hovd', 'Asia/Irkutsk', 'Asia/Jakarta', 'Asia/Jayapura', 'Asia/Jerusalem', 'Asia/Kabul', 'Asia/Kamchatka', 'Asia/Karachi', 'Asia/Kathmandu', 'Asia/Khandyga', 'Asia/Kolkata', 'Asia/Krasnoyarsk', 'Asia/Kuala_Lumpur', 'Asia/Kuching', 'Asia/Kuwait', 'Asia/Macau', 'Asia/Magadan', 'Asia/Makassar', 'Asia/Manila', 'Asia/Muscat', 'Asia/Nicosia', 'Asia/Novokuznetsk', 'Asia/Novosibirsk', 'Asia/Omsk', 'Asia/Oral', 'Asia/Phnom_Penh', 'Asia/Pontianak', 'Asia/Pyongyang', 'Asia/Qatar', 'Asia/Qostanay', 'Asia/Qyzylorda', 'Asia/Riyadh', 'Asia/Sakhalin', 'Asia/Samarkand', 'Asia/Seoul', 'Asia/Shanghai', 'Asia/Singapore', 'Asia/Srednekolymsk', 'Asia/Taipei', 'Asia/Tashkent', 'Asia/Tbilisi', 'Asia/Tehran', 'Asia/Thimphu', 'Asia/Tokyo', 'Asia/Tomsk', 'Asia/Ulaanbaatar', 'Asia/Urumqi', 'Asia/Ust-Nera', 'Asia/Vientiane', 'Asia/Vladivostok', 'Asia/Yakutsk', 'Asia/Yangon', 'Asia/Yekaterinburg', 'Asia/Yerevan', 'Atlantic/Azores', 'Atlantic/Bermuda', 'Atlantic/Canary', 'Atlantic/Cape_Verde', 'Atlantic/Faroe', 'Atlantic/Madeira', 'Atlantic/Reykjavik', 'Atlantic/South_Georgia', 'Atlantic/St_Helena', 'Atlantic/Stanley', 'Australia/Adelaide', 'Australia/Brisbane', 'Australia/Broken_Hill', 'Australia/Darwin', 'Australia/Eucla', 'Australia/Hobart', 'Australia/Lindeman', 'Australia/Lord_Howe', 'Australia/Melbourne', 'Australia/Perth', 'Australia/Sydney', 'Canada/Atlantic', 'Canada/Central', 'Canada/Eastern', 'Canada/Mountain', 'Canada/Newfoundland', 'Canada/Pacific', 'Europe/Amsterdam', 'Europe/Andorra', 'Europe/Astrakhan', 'Europe/Athens', 'Europe/Belgrade', 'Europe/Berlin', 'Europe/Bratislava', 'Europe/Brussels', 'Europe/Bucharest', 'Europe/Budapest', 'Europe/Busingen', 'Europe/Chisinau', 'Europe/Copenhagen', 'Europe/Dublin', 'Europe/Gibraltar', 'Europe/Guernsey', 'Europe/Helsinki', 'Europe/Isle_of_Man', 'Europe/Istanbul', 'Europe/Jersey', 'Europe/Kaliningrad', 'Europe/Kirov', 'Europe/Kyiv', 'Europe/Lisbon', 'Europe/Ljubljana', 'Europe/London', 'Europe/Luxembourg', 'Europe/Madrid', 'Europe/Malta', 'Europe/Mariehamn', 'Europe/Minsk', 'Europe/Monaco', 'Europe/Moscow', 'Europe/Oslo', 'Europe/Paris', 'Europe/Podgorica', 'Europe/Prague', 'Europe/Riga', 'Europe/Rome', 'Europe/Samara', 'Europe/San_Marino', 'Europe/Sarajevo', 'Europe/Saratov', 'Europe/Simferopol', 'Europe/Skopje', 'Europe/Sofia', 'Europe/Stockholm', 'Europe/Tallinn', 'Europe/Tirane', 'Europe/Ulyanovsk', 'Europe/Vaduz', 'Europe/Vatican', 'Europe/Vienna', 'Europe/Vilnius', 'Europe/Volgograd', 'Europe/Warsaw', 'Europe/Zagreb', 'Europe/Zurich', 'GMT', 'Indian/Antananarivo', 'Indian/Chagos', 'Indian/Christmas', 'Indian/Cocos', 'Indian/Comoro', 'Indian/Kerguelen', 'Indian/Mahe', 'Indian/Maldives', 'Indian/Mauritius', 'Indian/Mayotte', 'Indian/Reunion', 'Pacific/Apia', 'Pacific/Auckland', 'Pacific/Bougainville', 'Pacific/Chatham', 'Pacific/Chuuk', 'Pacific/Easter', 'Pacific/Efate', 'Pacific/Fakaofo', 'Pacific/Fiji', 'Pacific/Funafuti', 'Pacific/Galapagos', 'Pacific/Gambier', 'Pacific/Guadalcanal', 'Pacific/Guam', 'Pacific/Honolulu', 'Pacific/Kanton', 'Pacific/Kiritimati', 'Pacific/Kosrae', 'Pacific/Kwajalein', 'Pacific/Majuro', 'Pacific/Marquesas', 'Pacific/Midway', 'Pacific/Nauru', 'Pacific/Niue', 'Pacific/Norfolk', 'Pacific/Noumea', 'Pacific/Pago_Pago', 'Pacific/Palau', 'Pacific/Pitcairn', 'Pacific/Pohnpei', 'Pacific/Port_Moresby', 'Pacific/Rarotonga', 'Pacific/Saipan', 'Pacific/Tahiti', 'Pacific/Tarawa', 'Pacific/Tongatapu', 'Pacific/Wake', 'Pacific/Wallis', 'US/Alaska', 'US/Arizona', 'US/Central', 'US/Eastern', 'US/Hawaii', 'US/Mountain', 'US/Pacific', 'UTC']

# 时区表示
ts = ts.tz_localize(tz="UTC")
ts

2024-02-08 00:00:00+00:00    1.866786
2024-02-09 00:00:00+00:00   -0.475396
2024-02-10 00:00:00+00:00   -0.723146
Freq: D, dtype: float64

# 时区转换
ts.tz_convert(tz="Asia/Shanghai")

2024-02-08 08:00:00+08:00    1.866786
2024-02-09 08:00:00+08:00   -0.475396
2024-02-10 08:00:00+08:00   -0.723146
Freq: D, dtype: float64