python入门

一、super()类

单继承中，主要是用来调用父类的方法的

class A:
    def __init__(self):
        self.n = 2

    def add(self, m):
        print('self is {0} @A.add'.format(self))
        self.n += m


class B(A):
    def __init__(self):
        self.n = 3

    def add(self, m):
        print('self is {0} @B.add'.format(self))
        super().add(m)
        self.n += 3

if __name__ == '__main__':
    b = B()
    b.add(2)
    print(b.n)

self is <__main__.B object at 0x106c49b38> @B.add
self is <__main__.B object at 0x106c49b38> @A.add
8

多继承中

class A:
    def __init__(self):
        self.n = 2

    def add(self, m):
        print('self is {0} @A.add'.format(self))
        self.n += m


class B(A):
    def __init__(self):
        self.n = 3

    def add(self, m):
        print('self is {0} @B.add'.format(self))
        super().add(m)
        self.n += 3

class C(A):
    def __init__(self):
        self.n = 4

    def add(self, m):
        print('self is {0} @C.add'.format(self))
        super().add(m)
        self.n += 4


class D(B, C):
    def __init__(self):
        self.n = 5

    def add(self, m):
        print('self is {0} @D.add'.format(self))
        super().add(m)
        self.n += 5

if __name__ == '__main__':
    d = D()
    d.add(2)
    print(d.n)

self is <__main__.D object at 0x10ce10e48> @D.add
self is <__main__.D object at 0x10ce10e48> @B.add
self is <__main__.D object at 0x10ce10e48> @C.add
self is <__main__.D object at 0x10ce10e48> @A.add
19

二、__init__()，被称为类的构造函数或初始化方法

该方法是一个特殊的类实例方法，构造方法用于创建对象时使用，每当创建一个类的实例对象，Python 解释器都会自动调用它。

__init__() 方法可以包含多个参数，但必须包含一个名为 self 的参数，且必须作为第一个参数

class Employee:
    '所有员工的基类'
    empCount = 0

    def __init__(self, name, salary):
        self.name = name
        self.salary = salary
        Employee.empCount += 1

    def displayCount(self):
        print("Total Employee %d" % Employee.empCount)

    def displayEmployee(self):
        print("Name : ", self.name, ", Salary: ", self.salary)

if __name__ == '__main__':
    "创建 Employee 类的第一个对象"
    emp1 = Employee("Zara", 2000)
    "创建 Employee 类的第二个对象"
    emp2 = Employee("Manni", 5000)
    emp1.displayEmployee()
    emp2.displayEmployee()
    print("Total Employee %d" % Employee.empCount)

Name :  Zara , Salary:  2000
Name :  Manni , Salary:  5000
Total Employee 2

三、strftime() 方法

按目标格式输出时间

from datetime import datetime

now = datetime.now() # current date and time

year = now.strftime("%Y")
print("year:", year)

month = now.strftime("%m")
print("month:", month)

day = now.strftime("%d")
print("day:", day)

time = now.strftime("%H:%M:%S")
print("time:", time)

_time = now
print(_time)

date_time = now.strftime("%Y-%m-%d, %H:%M:%S")
print("date and time:",date_time)

year: 2021
month: 12
day: 08
time: 15:56:32
2021-12-08 15:56:32.479174
date and time: 2021-12-08, 15:56:32

四、__all__变量

该变量的值是一个列表，存储的是当前模块中一些成员（变量、函数或者类）的名称。
通过在模块文件中设置 __all__ 变量，当其它文件以“from 模块名 import *”的形式导入该模块时，该文件中只能使用 __all__ 列表中指定的成员。

#demo.py
def say():
    print("人生苦短，我学Python！")
def CLanguage():
    print("C语言中文网：http://c.biancheng.net")
def disPython():
    print("Python教程：http://c.biancheng.net/python")
__all__ = ["say"]

#test.py
import demo
demo.say()
demo.CLanguage()
demo.disPython()

人生苦短，我学Python！
C语言中文网：http://c.biancheng.net
Python教程：http://c.biancheng.net/python

#demo.py
def say():
    print("人生苦短，我学Python！")
def CLanguage():
    print("C语言中文网：http://c.biancheng.net")
def disPython():
    print("Python教程：http://c.biancheng.net/python")
__all__ = ["say"]

#test.py
from demo import *
say()
CLanguage()
disPython()

人生苦短，我学Python！
C语言中文网：http://c.biancheng.net
Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "C:/Users/mengma/Desktop/2.py", line 4, in <module>
    disPython()
NameError: name 'disPython' is not defined