深入理解HashMap (jdk1.8)

深入理解HashMap

HashMap是我们在开发中经常使用到的对象,那么你是否真的了解HashMap呢?我们先看下面几个问题:

  • HashMap的结构是什么样子的?
  • HashMap的默认容量是多少?
  • HashMap在什么时候扩容?

大家先思考一下,上面的问题的答案,我们稍后慢慢揭晓,我们先来看两段代码:

public class HashMapTest{
	public static void main(String[] args){
		// #1
		Map map1 = new HashMap();
		// #2
		Map map2 = new HashMap(19);
	}
}

大家看上面的两段代码,猜一下#1 和 #2的HashMap容量是多少?

  • #1的容量是16
  • #2的容量是32

有人会疑惑,我设置了HashMap的容量是19,为什么#2的容量是32啊?这个,要看一下源码,如果,你设置了HashMap的容量,会把容量自动计算大于你设置的容量最近的2的幂数;例如,你设置的50,那么真实的容量是64。

jdk1.8中HashMap的结构,其实会有两种情况,一种是散列数组+链表,还有一种是散列数组+红黑树,默认情况下用的散列数组+单向链表结构,在链表的长度大于7的时候,会把列表转换为红黑树。请看源码:

// HashMap put方法
final V putVal(int hash, K key, V value, boolean onlyIfAbsent, boolean evict) {
        Node<K,V>[] tab; Node<K,V> p; int n, i;
        if ((tab = table) == null || (n = tab.length) == 0)
        //如果,散列数组的大小是0,就进行初始化
            n = (tab = resize()).length;
        if ((p = tab[i = (n - 1) & hash]) == null)
        //散列数组,没有下标冲突,并且当前位置为null,执行插入
            tab[i] = newNode(hash, key, value, null);
        else {
            Node<K,V> e; K k;
            if (p.hash == hash && ((k = p.key) == key || (key != null && key.equals(k))))
            // 下标冲突,key相同,替换value
                e = p;
            else if (p instanceof TreeNode)
                e = ((TreeNode<K,V>)p).putTreeVal(this, tab, hash, key, value);
            else {
                for (int binCount = 0; ; ++binCount) {
                    if ((e = p.next) == null) {
                        p.next = newNode(hash, key, value, null);
                        // TREEIFY_THRESHOLD =8;所以,是链表长度大于7的时候 ,转红黑树
                        if (binCount >= TREEIFY_THRESHOLD - 1) // -1 for 1st
                            treeifyBin(tab, hash);
                        break;
                    }
                    if (e.hash == hash &&  ((k = e.key) == key || (key != null && key.equals(k))))
                        break;
                    p = e;
                }
            }
            if (e != null) { // existing mapping for key
                V oldValue = e.value;
                if (!onlyIfAbsent || oldValue == null)
                    e.value = value;
                afterNodeAccess(e);
                return oldValue;
            }
        }
        ++modCount;
        if (++size > threshold)
        // HashMap扩容
            resize();
        afterNodeInsertion(evict);
        return null;
    }

从上面的源码,我们可以确定,在jdk1.8中HashMap的数据结构。从源码里面,我们还看到了什么时候扩容,什么时候去初始化散列数据,分配内存空间。HashMap中put的流程大致如下:

  • 散列表为空,进行初始化(HashMap是在put的时候,才给散列数组开辟内存空间的)
  • 散列数据下标未冲突,并且当前位置为null,插入值
  • 散列数组下标冲突,key相等,替换value
  • 散列数组下标冲突,key不相同,添加到链表的尾部,如果,链表长度大于7,把链表转成红黑树
  • 当散列数组的长度大于扩容长度的时候,HashMap就会扩容

通过查看源码,我们深入的理解了jdk1.8中HashMap的结构以及容量,我们在看看HashMap的扩容方法的源码

final Node<K,V>[] resize() {
        Node<K,V>[] oldTab = table;
        int oldCap = (oldTab == null) ? 0 : oldTab.length;
        int oldThr = threshold;
        int newCap, newThr = 0;
        if (oldCap > 0) {
            if (oldCap >= MAXIMUM_CAPACITY) {
                threshold = Integer.MAX_VALUE;
                return oldTab;
            }
            else if ((newCap = oldCap << 1) < MAXIMUM_CAPACITY &&
                     oldCap >= DEFAULT_INITIAL_CAPACITY)
                newThr = oldThr << 1; // double threshold
        }
        // initial capacity was placed in threshold
        else if (oldThr > 0) 
            newCap = oldThr;
        else {// zero initial threshold signifies using defaults
            newCap = DEFAULT_INITIAL_CAPACITY;
            newThr = (int)(DEFAULT_LOAD_FACTOR * DEFAULT_INITIAL_CAPACITY);
        }
        if (newThr == 0) {
            float ft = (float)newCap * loadFactor;
            newThr = (newCap < MAXIMUM_CAPACITY && ft < (float)MAXIMUM_CAPACITY ?
                      (int)ft : Integer.MAX_VALUE);
        }
        threshold = newThr;
        @SuppressWarnings({"rawtypes","unchecked"})
            Node<K,V>[] newTab = (Node<K,V>[])new Node[newCap];
        table = newTab;
        if (oldTab != null) {
            for (int j = 0; j < oldCap; ++j) {
                Node<K,V> e;
                if ((e = oldTab[j]) != null) {
                    oldTab[j] = null;
                    if (e.next == null)
                        newTab[e.hash & (newCap - 1)] = e;
                    else if (e instanceof TreeNode)
                        ((TreeNode<K,V>)e).split(this, newTab, j, oldCap);
                    else { // preserve order
                        Node<K,V> loHead = null, loTail = null;
                        Node<K,V> hiHead = null, hiTail = null;
                        Node<K,V> next;
                        do {
                            next = e.next;
                            if ((e.hash & oldCap) == 0) {
                                if (loTail == null)
                                    loHead = e;
                                else
                                    loTail.next = e;
                                loTail = e;
                            }
                            else {
                                if (hiTail == null)
                                    hiHead = e;
                                else
                                    hiTail.next = e;
                                hiTail = e;
                            }
                        } while ((e = next) != null);
                        if (loTail != null) {
                            loTail.next = null;
                            newTab[j] = loHead;
                        }
                        if (hiTail != null) {
                            hiTail.next = null;
                            newTab[j + oldCap] = hiHead;
                        }
                    }
                }
            }
        }
        return newTab;
    }

从上面的源码,我们可以看出来,HashMap扩容的步骤如下:

  • 散列数组长度为0,扩容伐值也为0,进行初始化,容量值取HashMap的默认值
  • 散列数组长度为0,扩容伐值不为0,进行初始化,容量值取扩容伐值
  • 散列数组长度大于0,进行扩容,容量是原来的2倍
  • 扩容伐值 = 散列数组容量 * 扩容因子(默认0.75F)

还有一个重要的部分,就是数组下标的计算,源码如下:

/**
     * Computes key.hashCode() and spreads (XORs) higher bits of hash
     * to lower.  Because the table uses power-of-two masking, sets of
     * hashes that vary only in bits above the current mask will
     * always collide. (Among known examples are sets of Float keys
     * holding consecutive whole numbers in small tables.)  So we
     * apply a transform that spreads the impact of higher bits
     * downward. There is a tradeoff between speed, utility, and
     * quality of bit-spreading. Because many common sets of hashes
     * are already reasonably distributed (so don't benefit from
     * spreading), and because we use trees to handle large sets of
     * collisions in bins, we just XOR some shifted bits in the
     * cheapest possible way to reduce systematic lossage, as well as
     * to incorporate impact of the highest bits that would otherwise
     * never be used in index calculations because of table bounds.
     */
    static final int hash(Object key) {
        int h;
        return (key == null) ? 0 : (h = key.hashCode()) ^ (h >>> 16);
    }

从上面的源码和注释,我们知道,HashMap数据下标的计算方式。

深度思考:

从源码分析,我们深入的了解了HashMap,那么,现在请你回答如下问题:

  • HashMap的数据结构是怎么样子的?
  • HashMap默认数组容量是多少?默认的负载因子是多少?负载因子有什么用?
  • 如果new HashMap<>(33),数组容量多大?
  • HashMap的key的数组下标怎么算?
  • HashMap 什么时候创建数组占用内存?数组下标碰撞怎么处理?
  • HashMap什么时候扩容?
  • HashMap为什么默认容量必须是2的幂数?
  • 为什么HashMap是线程不安全的?
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