Java的输入输出流

一、输入输出流

     读入一个字节序列的对象叫做输入流,写入一个字节序列的对象叫做输出流
抽象类InputStream和OutputStream是Java输入输出流的基础，字节相关操作的对象都继承自这两个。
     InputStream和OutputStream有两个抽象的方法，由此衍生出来的类都实现了这两个方法，分别为:

• abstarct int read();
• abstarct int write();
      很多时候，我们需要处理Unicode形式的存储信息，因为各国文字的差异，Unicode为了进行兼容，因此Java还有两个基于字符读写的抽象类，Reader和Writer，它们两个换门用来处理Unicode字符，很多处理字符的类多是继承自他们两。

二、Java的IO类图

下边是一个简单的InputStream和OutputStream类图，包含了我们常用的输入输出类

再来看一下Reader和Writer的层次结构

Java中IO相关的类特别多，每次写Java文件相关的代码时都会去百度查，没有去深入理解JavaIO相关的操作。JavaIO相关的类如此多的原因，也是为了IO操作的灵活性而设计的，IO操作一般都会阻塞住线程，并且比较耗时，因此有了BUfferIntputStream，带有缓冲区的类的出现，又为了兼容Unicode码和字节，因此又有了Reader/Writer，这大大的增加了IO操作的灵活性。
三、简单的demo
Employee.class

import java.util.Date;
import java.util.GregorianCalendar;

/**
 * @description: Employee
 * @date: 2020/8/24
 * @author: whiltes
 */
public class Employee {

    private String name;

    private double salary;

    private Date hireDay;


    public Employee(String name, double salary, int year, int month, int day) {
        this.name = name;
        this.salary = salary;
        GregorianCalendar calendar = new GregorianCalendar();
        calendar.set(year, month, day);
        this.hireDay = calendar.getTime();
    }

    public String getName() {
        return name;
    }

    public void setName(String name) {
        this.name = name;
    }

    public double getSalary() {
        return salary;
    }

    public void setSalary(double salary) {
        this.salary = salary;
    }

    public Date getHireDay() {
        return hireDay;
    }

    public void setHireDay(Date hireDay) {
        this.hireDay = hireDay;
    }

    @Override
    public String toString() {
        return "Employee{" +
                "name='" + name + '\'' +
                ", salary=" + salary +
                ", hireDay=" + hireDay +
                '}';
    }
}

TextFileTest

import java.io.*;
import java.nio.charset.StandardCharsets;
import java.util.Calendar;
import java.util.GregorianCalendar;
import java.util.Scanner;

/**
 * @description: TextFileTest
 * @date: 2020/8/24
 * @author: whiltes
 */
public class TextFileTest {

    public static void main(String[] args) throws FileNotFoundException, UnsupportedEncodingException {
        Employee[] staff = new Employee[3];
        staff[0] = new Employee("Carl Cracker", 75000, 1987, 12, 5);
        staff[1] = new Employee("Harry Hacker", 50000, 1989, 10, 5);
        staff[2] = new Employee("Tony Tester", 40000, 1990, 3, 5);

        try(PrintWriter out = new PrintWriter("employee.dat", String.valueOf(StandardCharsets.UTF_8))) {
            writeData(staff, out);
        }

        try(Scanner in = new Scanner(new FileInputStream("employee.dat"), "UTF-8")){
            Employee[] newStaff = readData(in);
            for(Employee e: newStaff){
                System.out.println(e);
            }
        }
    }


    private static void writeData(Employee[] employees, PrintWriter out){
        out.println(employees.length);
        for(Employee e: employees){
            writeEmployee(out, e);
        }
    }


    private static Employee[] readData(Scanner in){
        int n = in.nextInt();
        in.nextLine();

        Employee[] employees = new Employee[n];
        for(int i = 0; i < n; i++){
            employees[i] = readEmployee(in);
        }
        return employees;
    }


    public static void writeEmployee(PrintWriter out, Employee e){
        GregorianCalendar calendar = new GregorianCalendar();
        calendar.setTime(e.getHireDay());
        out.println(e.getName() + "|" + e.getSalary() + "|" + calendar.get(Calendar.YEAR) +
                "|" + (calendar.get(Calendar.MONTH) + 1) + "|" + calendar.get(Calendar.DAY_OF_MONTH) );
    }

    public static Employee readEmployee(Scanner in){
        String line = in.nextLine();
        String[] tokens = line.split("\\|");
        String name = tokens[0];
        double salary = Double.parseDouble(tokens[1]);
        int year = Integer.parseInt(tokens[2]);
        int month = Integer.parseInt(tokens[3]);
        int day = Integer.parseInt(tokens[4]);
        return new Employee(name, salary,year,month,day);
    }
}

四、总结

Java的输入输出流功能非常强大，但是常用的就那么几个，对Java的输入输出流要有整体的认识，发现其实也不是很难。

• Java用于读写字节的流操作，都是基于InputStream和OutputStream
• 为了对Unicode进行兼容，又有了Reader和Writer
• 大多数都是通过磁盘读写，因此我们使用FileInputStream的时候非常多