目录
背景
在电子表格Excel中的数据透视表，能够快速汇总列表中的数据，能把很多行的流水数据表格变成二维汇总表格，然后使用 PowerQuery ，再变成流水数据表格。
KingbaseES 数据库中，使用SQL查询语句，同样实现数据在流水与汇总样式之间转换。
行转列
数据统计工作中，有一种报表是需要横向展示某个维度的数值，以维度值作为列名，配合另一个或几个维度形成二维报表。
行转列的需求，通常是数据的压缩，实现数据提升维度，比如使用二维表格来统计显示一维数据。其特点是，输入的一维数据的结构是已知的固定的，输出的二维数据的结构是未知的动态的，所以需要在查询语句中，显性说明其结构。
数据准备
准备一个学生课程的成绩单数据系统
drop view if exists testscore_view ;
create or replace view testscore_view
(year, student, subject, testscore) as
values (2020, '张三', '语文', 76),
(2020, '张三', '化学', 83),
(2020, '张三', '物理', 69),
(2020, '张三', '数学', 49),
(2020, '张三', '英语', 63),
(2020, '李四', '语文', 48),
(2020, '李四', '化学', 48),
(2020, '李四', '物理', 77),
(2020, '李四', '英语', 38),
(2020, '王五', '语文', 88),
(2020, '王五', '物理', 45),
(2020, '王五', '数学', 92),
(2020, '王五', '英语', 56),
(2021, '张三', '语文', 55),
(2021, '张三', '化学', 73),
(2021, '张三', '物理', 87),
(2021, '张三', '数学', 41),
(2021, '张三', '英语', 52),
(2021, '李四', '语文', 87),
(2021, '李四', '化学', 91),
(2021, '李四', '物理', 39),
(2021, '李四', '英语', 54),
(2021, '王五', '语文', 80),
(2021, '王五', '物理', 70),
(2021, '王五', '数学', 46),
(2021, '王五', '英语', 29);
drop view if exists student_view;
create view student_view as
select *
from (values (1, '张三'), (2, '李四'), (3, '王五')) std(sn, student);
drop view if exists subject_view;
create view subject_view as
select *
from (values (1, '语文'), (2, '化学'), (3, '物理'), (4, '数学'), (5, '英语')) std(sn, subject);
drop view if exists year_view;
create view year_view as
select *
from (values (2020), (2021), (2022)) std(year);分组聚合函数+CASE
通常在SQL的select list中，使用CASE语句，建立二维报表。
select student,
avg(case when subject = '语文' then testscore end) as "语文",
avg(case when subject = '化学' then testscore end) as "化学",
avg(case when subject = '物理' then testscore end) as "物理",
avg(case when subject = '数学' then testscore end) as "数学",
avg(case when subject = '英语' then testscore end) as "英语"
from testscore_view
group by student
student | 语文 | 化学 | 物理 | 数学 | 英语
---------+------+------+------+------+------
张三 | 66 | 78 | 78 | 45 | 58
王五 | 84 | | 58 | 69 | 43
李四 | 68 | 70 | 58 | | 46
(3 行记录)根据压缩数据的格式，横向展开数据列选取不同方式
数据压缩合并成某种格式数据，然后根据横向维度值，展开成为数据列。
- 字符分割
要求字符拼接与分割的位置与顺序一致，避免空值造成错位
select student,
split_part(split_part(subscr_spl, ',', 1), ':', 2) as "语文",
split_part(split_part(subscr_spl, ',', 2), ':', 2) as "化学",
split_part(split_part(subscr_spl, ',', 3), ':', 2) as "物理",
split_part(split_part(subscr_spl, ',', 4), ':', 2) as "数学",
split_part(split_part(subscr_spl, ',', 5), ':', 2) as "英语"
from (select student, string_agg(subject || ':' || val, ',') as subscr_spl
from (select student_view.student,
subject_view.subject,
avg(testscore)::numeric(10, 2) val
from (student_view cross join subject_view)
left join testscore_view using (student, subject)
group by student_view.student, subject_view.subject
order by min(student_view.sn), min(subject_view.sn)) std
group by student
) as t;- 数组
要求数组生成与取值的位置与顺序一致，避免空值造成错位
select student,
subscr_arr[1] as "语文",
subscr_arr[2] as "化学",
subscr_arr[3] as "物理",
subscr_arr[4] as "数学",
subscr_arr[5] as "英语"
from (select student, array_agg(val) as subscr_arr
from (select student_view.student,
subject_view.subject,
avg(testscore)::numeric(10, 2) val
from (student_view cross join subject_view)
left join testscore_view using (student, subject)
group by student_view.student, subject_view.subject
order by min(student_view.sn), min(subject_view.sn)) std
group by student
) as t;- JSON数据格式
select student,
subscr_json ->> '语文' as "语文",
subscr_json ->> '化学' as "化学",
subscr_json ->> '物理' as "物理",
subscr_json ->> '数学' as "数学",
subscr_json ->> '英语' as "英语"
from (select student, json_object_agg(subject, val) as subscr_json
from (select student, subject, avg(testscore)::numeric(10, 2) val
from testscore_view
group by student, subject) std
group by student) std ;crosstab函数
扩展 tablefunc 中的 crosstab 函数，用来生成pivot 展示，即通过横向而不是下拉展示。
create extension tablefunc;
SELECT *
FROM crosstab($query$ select student, subject, avg(testscore) value
from testscore_view
group by student, subject
order by 1,2 $query$,
$column$ select subject from subject_view $column$)
AS ct(student text,
"语文" numeric(10, 2),
"化学" numeric(10, 2),
"物理" numeric(10, 2),
"数学" numeric(10, 2),
"英语" numeric(10, 2));PIVOT 操作符
PIVOT 通过一种新的操作符以交叉表格式显示任何查询，可以满足纵向多列的表格样式。
- pivot(聚合函数 for 列名 in (类型)),其中 in ('') 中可以指定列名，还可以指定子查询
- pivot(任一聚合函数 for 需转为列的值所在列名 in (需转为列名的值))
create extension kdb_utils_function;
select *
from (select student, subject, testscore from testscore_view)
pivot (
avg(testscore) for subject in (
'语文' as "语文",
'化学' as "化学",
'物理' as "物理",
'数学' as "数学",
'英语' as "英语" )) ;
student | 语文 | 化学 | 物理 | 数学 | 英语
---------+---------------------+---------------------+---------------------+---------------------+---------------------
李四 | 67.5000000000000000 | 69.5000000000000000 | 58.0000000000000000 | | 46.0000000000000000
王五 | 84.0000000000000000 | | 57.5000000000000000 | 69.0000000000000000 | 42.5000000000000000
张三 | 65.5000000000000000 | 78.0000000000000000 | 78.0000000000000000 | 45.0000000000000000 | 57.5000000000000000
(3 行记录)
select *
from (select year, student, subject, testscore from testscore_view)
pivot (
avg(testscore) for subject in (
'语文' as "语文",
'化学' as "化学",
'物理' as "物理",
'数学' as "数学",
'英语' as "英语" )) ;
year | student | 语文 | 化学 | 物理 | 数学 | 英语
------+---------+---------------------+---------------------+---------------------+---------------------+---------------------
2020 | 李四 | 48.0000000000000000 | 48.0000000000000000 | 77.0000000000000000 | | 38.0000000000000000
2020 | 王五 | 88.0000000000000000 | | 45.0000000000000000 | 92.0000000000000000 | 56.0000000000000000
2020 | 张三 | 76.0000000000000000 | 83.0000000000000000 | 69.0000000000000000 | 49.0000000000000000 | 63.0000000000000000
2021 | 李四 | 87.0000000000000000 | 91.0000000000000000 | 39.0000000000000000 | | 54.0000000000000000
2021 | 王五 | 80.0000000000000000 | | 70.0000000000000000 | 46.0000000000000000 | 29.0000000000000000
2021 | 张三 | 55.0000000000000000 | 73.0000000000000000 | 87.0000000000000000 | 41.0000000000000000 | 52.0000000000000000
(6 行记录)PIVOT 操作符的限制
PIVOT 操作符是根据明确的数据集合类型进行运算，需要避免以下使用方式
- FROM子句的子查询，包含 * 号。
select *
from ( select * from testscore_view)
pivot ( ...
;- FROM子句的子查询，定义别名
select *
from (select student, subject, testscore from testscore_view) as stdsrc
pivot ( ...
;- 使用 CTE 代替FROM子句的子查询
with stdsrc as (select student, subject, testscore from testscore_view)
select *
from stdsrc
pivot ( ...
;- FROM子句的子查询，在select子句和from子句中，包含函数或子查询等表达式
select *
from (select student, subject, SQRT(testscore)*10 testscore from testscore_view )
pivot ( ... ;
select *
from (select student, subject, testscore from (select student, subject, testscore from testscore_view ))
pivot ( ... ;上述被限制使用的查询，可以创建成视图，便可以进行 PIVOT 操作符运算。
工具 ksql 的元命令 \crosstabview
\crosstabview [ colV [ colH [ colD [ sortcolH ] ] ] ]
执行当前的查询缓冲区(像\g那样)并且在一个交叉表格子中显示结果。该查询必须返回至少三列。由colV标识的输出列会成为垂直页眉并且colH所标识的输出列会成为水平页眉。colD标识显示在格子中的输出列。sortcolH标识用于水平页眉的可选的排序列。
select student, subject, avg(testscore)::numeric(10,2) testscore
from testscore_view
group by student, subject
\crosstabview subject student testscore
subject | 李四 | 王五 | 张三
---------+-------+-------+-------
语文 | 67.50 | 84.00 | 65.50
物理 | 58.00 | 57.50 | 78.00
英语 | 46.00 | 42.50 | 57.50
数学 | | 69.00 | 45.00
化学 | 69.50 | | 78.00
(5 行记录)列转行
数据操作工作中，将报表格式数据导入数据表，是需要以横向列作为维度值。
列转行的需求，通常是数据的膨胀，实现数据降低维度，比如使用一维数据表存储二维表格的单元数据。其特点是，输入的二维数据的结构是未知的动态的，输出的一维数据的结构是已知的静态的，所以需要在查询语句中，显性说明其结构。
数据准备
create or replace view stdscore_view
(year, student, "语文", "化学", "物理", "数学", "英语")
as
values (2020, '李四', 48, 48, 77, null, 38),
(2020, '王五', 88, null, 45, 92, 56),
(2020, '张三', 76, 83, 69, 49, 63),
(2021, '李四', 87, 91, 39, null, 54),
(2021, '王五', 80, null, 70, 46, 29),
(2021, '张三', 55, 73, 87, 41, 52) ;union all
with stdscore (year, student, subject, testscore) as
(select year, student, '语文', "语文"
from stdscore_view
union all
select year, student, '化学', "化学"
from stdscore_view
union all
select year, student, '物理', "物理"
from stdscore_view
union all
select year, student, '数学', "数学"
from stdscore_view
union all
select year, student, '英语', "英语"
from stdscore_view
)
select *
from stdscore
where testscore is not null ;CASE
select year,
student,
subject,
case subject
when '语文' then "语文"
when '化学' then "化学"
when '物理' then "物理"
when '数学' then "数学"
when '英语' then "英语"
end as testscore
from stdscore_view, subject_view
where testscore is not null ;UNPIVOT 操作符
UNPIVOT 操作符可以看作 PIVOT 操作符的反向运算，根据多个列合并为新维度列，列值作为新数据行而合并到指定列。
select year,
student,
subject,
testscore
from stdscore_view
unpivot (testscore for subject in
( '语文' as "语文", '化学' as "化学", '物理' as "物理", '数学' as "数学", '英语' as "英语" ));总结
当数据需要变形是，Pivot 为 SQL 语言增添了一个非常重要且实用的功能。您可以使用 pivot 函数针对任何关系表创建一个交叉表报表，而不必编写包含大量 decode 函数的令人费解的、不直观的代码。同样，您可以使用 unpivot 操作转换任何交叉表报表，以常规关系表的形式对其进行存储。
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