【设计模式】单例模式

单例模式

1. 函数装饰器实现

def singleton1(cls):
    _instance = {}

    def inner(*args, **kwargs):
        if cls not in _instance:
            _instance[cls] = cls()
        return _instance[cls]

    return inner

@singleton1
class A(object):
    def __init__(self):
        pass

cls1 = A()
cls2 = A()
print(id(cls1) == id(cls2)) 	# cls1 和 cls2 的 id相同

2. 类装饰器实现

class Singleton2(object):
    def __init__(self, cls):
        self._cls = cls
        self._instance = {}

    def __call__(self, *args, **kwargs):
        if self._cls not in self._instance:
            self._instance[self._cls] = self._cls()
        return self._instance[self._cls]

@Singleton2
class B(object):
    def __init__(self):
        pass

cls3 = B()
cls4 = B()
print(id(cls3) == id(cls4)) # cls3 和 cls4 的 id 是相同的

3. 使用 new 关键字实现单例模式

class Single(object):
    _instance = None

    def __new__(cls, *args, **kwargs):
        if cls._instance is None:
            cls._instance = object.__new__(cls, *args, **kwargs)
        return cls._instance

    def __init__(self):
        pass

single1 = Single()
single2 = Single()
print(id(single1) == id(single2))

4. 使用metaclass实现单例模式

class Singleton3(type):
    _instances = {}

    def __call__(cls, *args, **kwargs):
        if cls not in cls._instances:
            cls._instances[cls] = super(Singleton3, cls).__call__(*args, **kwargs)
        return cls._instances[cls]

class Cls5(metaclass=Singleton3):
    pass

cls6 = Cls5()
cls7 = Cls5()
print(id(cls6) == id(cls7))