1.snowflake简介
互联网快速发展的今天,分布式应用系统已经见怪不怪,在分布式系统中,我们需要各种各样的ID,既然是ID那么必然是要保证全局唯一,除此之外,不同当业务还需要不同的特性,比如像并发巨大的业务要求ID生成效率高,吞吐大;比如某些银行类业务,需要按每日日期制定交易流水号;又比如我们希望用户的ID是随机的,无序的,纯数字的,且位数长度是小于10位的。等等,不同的业务场景需要的ID特性各不一样,于是,衍生了各种ID生成器,但大多数利用数据库控制ID的生成,性能受数据库并发能力限制,那么有没有一款不需要依赖任何中间件(如数据库,分布式缓存服务等)的ID生成器呢?本着取之于开源,用之于开源的原则,今天,特此介绍Twitter开源的一款分布式自增ID算法snowflake,并附上算法原理推导和演算过程!
snowflake算法是一款本地生成的(ID生成过程不依赖任何中间件,无网络通信),保证ID全局唯一,并且ID总体有序递增,性能每秒生成300w+。
2.snowflake算法原理
0 - 00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000 0 - 00000 - 00000 - 00000000 0000
第一位未使用,接下来的41位为毫秒级时间(41位的长度可以使用69年,从1970-01-01 08:00:00),然后是5位datacenterId(最大支持2^5=32个,二进制表示从00000-11111,也即是十进制0-31),和5位workerId(最大支持2^5=32个,原理同datacenterId),所以datacenterId*workerId最多支持部署1024个节点,最后12位是毫秒内的计数(12位的计数顺序号支持每个节点每毫秒产生2^12=4096个ID序号).
所有位数加起来共64位,恰好是一个Long型(转换为字符串长度为18).
单台机器实例,通过时间戳保证前41位是唯一的,分布式系统多台机器实例下,通过对每个机器实例分配不同的datacenterId和workerId避免中间的10位碰撞。最后12位每毫秒从0递增生产ID,再提一次:每毫秒最多生成4096个ID,每秒可达4096000个。理论上,只要CPU计算能力足够,单机每秒可生产400多万个,实测300w+,效率之高由此可见。
(该节改编自:http://www.cnblogs.com/relucent/p/4955340.html)
3.snowflake算法源码(java版)
- @ToString
- @Slf4j
- public class SnowflakeIdFactory {
- private final long twepoch = 1288834974657L;
- private final long workerIdBits = 5L;
- private final long datacenterIdBits = 5L;
- private final long maxWorkerId = -1L ^ (-1L << workerIdBits);
- private final long maxDatacenterId = -1L ^ (-1L << datacenterIdBits);
- private final long sequenceBits = 12L;
- private final long workerIdShift = sequenceBits;
- private final long datacenterIdShift = sequenceBits + workerIdBits;
- private final long timestampLeftShift = sequenceBits + workerIdBits + datacenterIdBits;
- private final long sequenceMask = -1L ^ (-1L << sequenceBits);
- private long workerId;
- private long datacenterId;
- private long sequence = 0L;
- private long lastTimestamp = -1L;
- public SnowflakeIdFactory(long workerId, long datacenterId) {
- if (workerId > maxWorkerId || workerId < 0) {
- throw new IllegalArgumentException(String.format("worker Id can't be greater than %d or less than 0", maxWorkerId));
- }
- if (datacenterId > maxDatacenterId || datacenterId < 0) {
- throw new IllegalArgumentException(String.format("datacenter Id can't be greater than %d or less than 0", maxDatacenterId));
- }
- this.workerId = workerId;
- this.datacenterId = datacenterId;
- }
- public synchronized long nextId() {
- long timestamp = timeGen();
- if (timestamp < lastTimestamp) {
- //服务器时钟被调整了,ID生成器停止服务.
- throw new RuntimeException(String.format("Clock moved backwards. Refusing to generate id for %d milliseconds", lastTimestamp - timestamp));
- }
- if (lastTimestamp == timestamp) {
- sequence = (sequence + 1) & sequenceMask;
- if (sequence == 0) {
- timestamp = tilNextMillis(lastTimestamp);
- }
- } else {
- sequence = 0L;
- }
- lastTimestamp = timestamp;
- return ((timestamp - twepoch) << timestampLeftShift) | (datacenterId << datacenterIdShift) | (workerId << workerIdShift) | sequence;
- }
- protected long tilNextMillis(long lastTimestamp) {
- long timestamp = timeGen();
- while (timestamp <= lastTimestamp) {
- timestamp = timeGen();
- }
- return timestamp;
- }
- protected long timeGen() {
- return System.currentTimeMillis();
- }
- public static void testProductIdByMoreThread(int dataCenterId, int workerId, int n) throws InterruptedException {
- List<Thread> tlist = new ArrayList<>();
- Set<Long> setAll = new HashSet<>();
- CountDownLatch cdLatch = new CountDownLatch(10);
- long start = System.currentTimeMillis();
- int threadNo = dataCenterId;
- Map<String,SnowflakeIdFactory> idFactories = new HashMap<>();
- for(int i=0;i<10;i++){
- //用线程名称做map key.
- idFactories.put("snowflake"+i,new SnowflakeIdFactory(workerId, threadNo++));
- }
- for(int i=0;i<10;i++){
- Thread temp =new Thread(new Runnable() {
- @Override
- public void run() {
- Set<Long> setId = new HashSet<>();
- SnowflakeIdFactory idWorker = idFactories.get(Thread.currentThread().getName());
- for(int j=0;j<n;j++){
- setId.add(idWorker.nextId());
- }
- synchronized (setAll){
- setAll.addAll(setId);
- log.info("{}生产了{}个id,并成功加入到setAll中.",Thread.currentThread().getName(),n);
- }
- cdLatch.countDown();
- }
- },"snowflake"+i);
- tlist.add(temp);
- }
- for(int j=0;j<10;j++){
- tlist.get(j).start();
- }
- cdLatch.await();
- long end1 = System.currentTimeMillis() - start;
- log.info("共耗时:{}毫秒,预期应该生产{}个id, 实际合并总计生成ID个数:{}",end1,10*n,setAll.size());
- }
- public static void testProductId(int dataCenterId, int workerId, int n){
- SnowflakeIdFactory idWorker = new SnowflakeIdFactory(workerId, dataCenterId);
- SnowflakeIdFactory idWorker2 = new SnowflakeIdFactory(workerId+1, dataCenterId);
- Set<Long> setOne = new HashSet<>();
- Set<Long> setTow = new HashSet<>();
- long start = System.currentTimeMillis();
- for (int i = 0; i < n; i++) {
- setOne.add(idWorker.nextId());//加入set
- }
- long end1 = System.currentTimeMillis() - start;
- log.info("第一批ID预计生成{}个,实际生成{}个<<<<*>>>>共耗时:{}",n,setOne.size(),end1);
- for (int i = 0; i < n; i++) {
- setTow.add(idWorker2.nextId());//加入set
- }
- long end2 = System.currentTimeMillis() - start;
- log.info("第二批ID预计生成{}个,实际生成{}个<<<<*>>>>共耗时:{}",n,setTow.size(),end2);
- setOne.addAll(setTow);
- log.info("合并总计生成ID个数:{}",setOne.size());
- }
- public static void testPerSecondProductIdNums(){
- SnowflakeIdFactory idWorker = new SnowflakeIdFactory(1, 2);
- long start = System.currentTimeMillis();
- int count = 0;
- for (int i = 0; System.currentTimeMillis()-start<1000; i++,count=i) {
- /** 测试方法一: 此用法纯粹的生产ID,每秒生产ID个数为300w+ */
- idWorker.nextId();
- /** 测试方法二: 在log中打印,同时获取ID,此用法生产ID的能力受限于log.error()的吞吐能力.
- * 每秒徘徊在10万左右. */
- //log.error("{}",idWorker.nextId());
- }
- long end = System.currentTimeMillis()-start;
- System.out.println(end);
- System.out.println(count);
- }
- public static void main(String[] args) {
- /** case1: 测试每秒生产id个数?
- * 结论: 每秒生产id个数300w+ */
- //testPerSecondProductIdNums();
- /** case2: 单线程-测试多个生产者同时生产N个id,验证id是否有重复?
- * 结论: 验证通过,没有重复. */
- //testProductId(1,2,10000);//验证通过!
- //testProductId(1,2,20000);//验证通过!
- /** case3: 多线程-测试多个生产者同时生产N个id, 全部id在全局范围内是否会重复?
- * 结论: 验证通过,没有重复. */
- try {
- testProductIdByMoreThread(1,2,100000);//单机测试此场景,性能损失至少折半!
- } catch (InterruptedException e) {
- e.printStackTrace();
- }
- }
- }
/** case1: 测试每秒生产id个数? * 结论: 每秒生产id个数300w+ */ //testPerSecondProductIdNums(); /** case2: 单线程-测试多个生产者同时生产N个id,验证id是否有重复? * 结论: 验证通过,没有重复. */ //testProductId(1,2,10000);//验证通过! //testProductId(1,2,20000);//验证通过! /** case3: 多线程-测试多个生产者同时生产N个id, 全部id在全局范围内是否会重复? * 结论: 验证通过,没有重复. */ try { testProductIdByMoreThread(1,2,100000);//单机测试此场景,性能损失至少折半! } catch (InterruptedException e) { e.printStackTrace(); }
4.snowflake算法推导和演算过程
说明:
演算使用的对象实例:SnowflakeIdFactory idWorker = new SnowflakeIdFactory(1, 2);
运行时数据workerId=1,datacenterId=2,分别表示机器实例的生产者编号,数据中心编号;
sequence=0表示每毫秒生产ID从0开始计数递增;
以下演算基于时间戳=1482394743339时刻进行推导。
一句话描述:以下演算模拟了1482394743339这一毫秒时刻,workerId=1,datacenterId=2的id生成器,生产第一个id的过程。
(图片原创,转载请注明出处,画图不易,谢谢!)
end!
参考
https://github.com/twitter/snowflake
http://www.cnblogs.com/relucent/p/4955340.html