在软件系统中,“行为请求者”与“行为实现者”通常呈现一种“紧耦合”。但在某些场合,比如要对行为进行“记录、撤销/重做、事务”等处理,这种无法抵御变化的紧耦合是不合适的。在这种情况下,如何将“行为请求者”与“行为实现者”解耦?将一组行为抽象为对象,实现二者之间的松耦合。这就是命令模式(Command Pattern)。
定义
将一个请求封装成一个对象,从而让你使用不同的请求把客户端参数化,对请求排队或者记录请求日志,可以提供命令的撤销和恢复功能。
角色
- 抽象命令 定义了一系列命令的操作
- 命令接受者(真正执行命令所要求的对象)
- 具体命令 抽象命令的实现,拥有一个(has a)真正的命令接受者
- 命令请求者 发出命令的对象,拥有一个(has a)具体命令对象
UML
实现
/**
* desc : 命令接口
* Created by tiantian on 2018/8/11
*/
public interface Command {
void excute();
}
/**
* desc : 命令接收者
* Created by tiantian on 2018/8/11
*/
public class Receiver {
public void action() {
System.out.println(this.getClass().getCanonicalName() + " do action");
}
}
/**
* desc : 具体命令
* Created by tiantian on 2018/8/11
*/
public class ConcreteCommand implements Command {
private Receiver receiver;
public ConcreteCommand(Receiver receiver) {
this.receiver = receiver;
}
public void excute() {
receiver.action();
}
}
/**
* desc : 命令请求者
* Created by tiantian on 2018/8/11
*/
public class Invoker {
private Command command;
public Invoker(Command command) {
this.command = command;
}
public void action() {
command.excute();
}
}
/**
* desc : 测试客户端
* Created by tiantian on 2018/8/11
*/
public class Client {
public static void main(String[] args) {
Receiver receiver = new Receiver();
Command command = new ConcreteCommand(receiver);
Invoker invoker = new Invoker(command);
invoker.action();
}
// out put : design.patten.command.Receiverdo action
}
示例
以平时常操作的垃圾文件回收和撤销为例
在抽象命令接口增加withdraw()命令撤回方法。
/**
* desc : 抽象命令接口
* Created by tiantian on 2018/8/11
*/
public interface Command {
void excute();
void withdraw();
}
真正处理垃圾回收撤销等命令的对象
/**
* desc : 垃圾回收命令处理器
* Created by tiantian on 2018/8/11
*/
public class GarbageHandler {
public void handleDiscard() {
System.out.println("handleDiscard() method will recycle garbage.");
}
public void getBack() {
System.out.println("getBack() method will get back the discarded. ");
}
}
/**
* desc : 垃圾回收命令
* Created by tiantian on 2018/8/11
*/
public class GarbageRecycleCommand implements Command {
private final GarbageHandler receiver;
public GarbageRecycleCommand(GarbageHandler receiver) {
this.receiver = receiver;
}
@Override
public void excute() {
receiver.handleDiscard();
}
@Override
public void withdraw() {
receiver.getBack();
}
}
垃圾回收命令请求者
/**
* desc : 命令请求者
* Created by tiantian on 2018/8/11
*/
public class Invoker {
private Command command;
public Invoker(Command command) {
this.command = command;
}
public void action() {
command.excute();
}
public void withdraw() {
command.withdraw();
}
}
/**
* desc : 垃圾回收测试客户端
* Created by tiantian on 2018/8/11
*/
public class Client {
public static void main(String[] args) {
GarbageHandler handler = new GarbageHandler();
Command command = new GarbageRecycleCommand(handler);
Invoker invoker = new Invoker(command);
invoker.action();
invoker.withdraw();
}
// handleDiscard() method will recycle garbage.
// getBack() method will get back the discarded.
}
总结
命令模式隔离了命令请求者和命令执行者,这中间的枢纽就是命令角色,命令角色连接了命令请求者和执行者。这样的好处显而易见,极大的降低了命令请求者和执行者的耦合程度。