单例模式

---

加锁

在这里首先将默认构造访问等级降低，然后通过provider获取实例对象，但是每次都需要加锁同步获取实例。第一次创建完成之后，就可以共享SelectorProvider类中的静态实例对象provider了。

public abstract class SelectorProvider {

    private static final Object lock = new Object();
    private static SelectorProvider provider = null;

    /**
     * Initializes a new instance of this class.
     *
     * @throws  SecurityException
     *          If a security manager has been installed and it denies
     *          {@link RuntimePermission}<tt>("selectorProvider")</tt>
     */
    protected SelectorProvider() {
        SecurityManager sm = System.getSecurityManager();
        if (sm != null)
            sm.checkPermission(new RuntimePermission("selectorProvider"));
    }

    /**
     * Returns the system-wide default selector provider for this invocation of
     * the Java virtual machine.
     *
     * <p> The first invocation of this method locates the default provider
     * object as follows: </p>
     *
     * <ol>
     *
     *   <li><p> If the system property
     *   <tt>java.nio.channels.spi.SelectorProvider</tt> is defined then it is
     *   taken to be the fully-qualified name of a concrete provider class.
     *   The class is loaded and instantiated; if this process fails then an
     *   unspecified error is thrown.  </p></li>
     *
     *   <li><p> If a provider class has been installed in a jar file that is
     *   visible to the system class loader, and that jar file contains a
     *   provider-configuration file named
     *   <tt>java.nio.channels.spi.SelectorProvider</tt> in the resource
     *   directory <tt>META-INF/services</tt>, then the first class name
     *   specified in that file is taken.  The class is loaded and
     *   instantiated; if this process fails then an unspecified error is
     *   thrown.  </p></li>
     *
     *   <li><p> Finally, if no provider has been specified by any of the above
     *   means then the system-default provider class is instantiated and the
     *   result is returned.  </p></li>
     *
     * </ol>
     *
     * <p> Subsequent invocations of this method return the provider that was
     * returned by the first invocation.  </p>
     *
     * @return  The system-wide default selector provider
     */
    public static SelectorProvider provider() {
        synchronized (lock) {
            if (provider != null)
                return provider;
            return AccessController.doPrivileged(
                new PrivilegedAction<SelectorProvider>() {
                    public SelectorProvider run() {
                            if (loadProviderFromProperty())
                                return provider;
                            if (loadProviderAsService())
                                return provider;
                            provider = sun.nio.ch.DefaultSelectorProvider.create();
                            return provider;
                        }
                    });
        }
    }

    private static boolean loadProviderFromProperty() {
        String cn = System.getProperty("java.nio.channels.spi.SelectorProvider");
        if (cn == null)
            return false;
        try {
            Class<?> c = Class.forName(cn, true,
                                       ClassLoader.getSystemClassLoader());
            provider = (SelectorProvider)c.newInstance();
            return true;
        } catch (ClassNotFoundException x) {
            throw new ServiceConfigurationError(null, x);
        } catch (IllegalAccessException x) {
            throw new ServiceConfigurationError(null, x);
        } catch (InstantiationException x) {
            throw new ServiceConfigurationError(null, x);
        } catch (SecurityException x) {
            throw new ServiceConfigurationError(null, x);
        }
    }

    private static boolean loadProviderAsService() {

        ServiceLoader<SelectorProvider> sl =
            ServiceLoader.load(SelectorProvider.class,
                               ClassLoader.getSystemClassLoader());
        Iterator<SelectorProvider> i = sl.iterator();
        for (;;) {
            try {
                if (!i.hasNext())
                    return false;
                provider = i.next();
                return true;
            } catch (ServiceConfigurationError sce) {
                if (sce.getCause() instanceof SecurityException) {
                    // Ignore the security exception, try the next provider
                    continue;
                }
                throw sce;
            }
        }
    }
}

在上面的代码当中，获取实例实现类型提供了两种方式，一种是读取配置文件，一种是通过SPI的方式。如果以上两种方式都无法获取到实例，则使用默认的方式DefaultSelectorProvider.create()。

DCL懒加载单例模式

public class TomcatURLStreamHandlerFactory implements URLStreamHandlerFactory {
    // Singleton instance
    private static volatile TomcatURLStreamHandlerFactory instance = null;

    /**
     * Obtain a reference to the singleton instance. It is recommended that
     * callers check the value of {@link #isRegistered()} before using the
     * returned instance.
     *
     * @return A reference to the singleton instance
     */
    public static TomcatURLStreamHandlerFactory getInstance() {
        getInstanceInternal(true);
        return instance;
    }

    private static TomcatURLStreamHandlerFactory getInstanceInternal(boolean register) {
        // Double checked locking. OK because instance is volatile.
        if (instance == null) {
            synchronized (TomcatURLStreamHandlerFactory.class) {
                if (instance == null) {
                    instance = new TomcatURLStreamHandlerFactory(register);
                }
            }
        }
        return instance;
    }
}    

又比如

public class DefaultConversionService extends GenericConversionService{

   private static volatile DefaultConversionService sharedInstance;
   
   	/**
	 * Return a shared default {@code ConversionService} instance,
	 * lazily building it once needed.
	 * <p><b>NOTE:</b> We highly recommend constructing individual
	 * {@code ConversionService} instances for customization purposes.
	 * This accessor is only meant as a fallback for code paths which
	 * need simple type coercion but cannot access a longer-lived
	 * {@code ConversionService} instance any other way.
	 * @return the shared {@code ConversionService} instance (never {@code null})
	 * @since 4.3.5
	 */
	public static ConversionService getSharedInstance() {
		if (sharedInstance == null) {
			synchronized (DefaultConversionService.class) {
				if (sharedInstance == null) {
					sharedInstance = new DefaultConversionService();
				}
			}
		}
		return sharedInstance;
	}
}

private级别静态内部类

/**
 *    Copyright 2009-2020 the original author or authors.
 *
 *    Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
 *    you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
 *    You may obtain a copy of the License at
 *
 *       http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
 *
 *    Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
 *    distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
 *    WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
 *    See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
 *    limitations under the License.
 */
package org.apache.ibatis.io;

import java.io.IOException;
import java.lang.reflect.InvocationTargetException;
import java.lang.reflect.Method;
import java.net.URL;
import java.util.ArrayList;
import java.util.Arrays;
import java.util.Collections;
import java.util.List;

import org.apache.ibatis.logging.Log;
import org.apache.ibatis.logging.LogFactory;

/**
 * Provides a very simple API for accessing resources within an application server.
 *
 * @author Ben Gunter
 */
public abstract class VFS {
  private static final Log log = LogFactory.getLog(VFS.class);

  /** The built-in implementations. */
  public static final Class<?>[] IMPLEMENTATIONS = { JBoss6VFS.class, DefaultVFS.class };

  /**
   * The list to which implementations are added by {@link #addImplClass(Class)}.
   */
  public static final List<Class<? extends VFS>> USER_IMPLEMENTATIONS = new ArrayList<>();

  /**
   * Get the singleton {@link VFS} instance. If no {@link VFS} implementation can be found for the current environment,
   * then this method returns null.
   *
   * @return single instance of VFS
   */
  public static VFS getInstance() {
    return VFSHolder.INSTANCE;
  }

  /** Singleton instance holder. */
  private static class VFSHolder {
    static final VFS INSTANCE = createVFS();

    @SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
    static VFS createVFS() {
      // Try the user implementations first, then the built-ins
      List<Class<? extends VFS>> impls = new ArrayList<>();
      impls.addAll(USER_IMPLEMENTATIONS);
      impls.addAll(Arrays.asList((Class<? extends VFS>[]) IMPLEMENTATIONS));

      // Try each implementation class until a valid one is found
      VFS vfs = null;
      for (int i = 0; vfs == null || !vfs.isValid(); i++) {
        Class<? extends VFS> impl = impls.get(i);
        try {
          vfs = impl.getDeclaredConstructor().newInstance();
          if (!vfs.isValid() && log.isDebugEnabled()) {
            log.debug("VFS implementation " + impl.getName()
                + " is not valid in this environment.");
          }
        } catch (InstantiationException | IllegalAccessException | NoSuchMethodException | InvocationTargetException e) {
          log.error("Failed to instantiate " + impl, e);
          return null;
        }
      }

      if (log.isDebugEnabled()) {
        log.debug("Using VFS adapter " + vfs.getClass().getName());
      }

      return vfs;
    }
  }
}