python类----使用类和实例

使用类和实例

可以使用类来模拟现实世界中的很多场景。类编写好后，大部分的时间是使用根据类创建的实例上。在使用过程中需要修改实例的属性，可以直接修改实例的属性，也可以通过特定的方法修改属性。

1.Car类

下面编写一个表示汽车的类，它存储了有关汽车的信息，还有一个汇总这些信息的方法：

car.py
class Car():
	"""一次模拟汽车的简单尝试"""
	def __init__(self,make,model,year):
		"""初始化描述汽车的属性"""
		self.make = make
		self.model = model
		self.year = year
	
	def get_descriptive_name(self):
		"""返回整洁的描述性信息"""
		long_name = str(self.year) + ' ' + self.make + ' ' + self.model
		return long_name.title()

my_new_car = Car('audi','a4',2016)
print(my_new_car.get_descriptive_name())

2016 Audi A4

2.给属性指定默认值

类中的每个属性都必须有初始值，哪怕这个值是0或空字符串。在有些情况下，如设置默认值时，在方法__init__()内指定这种初始值是可行的；如果对某个属性这样做了，就无需包含为它提供初始值的形参。
下面来添加一个名为odometer_reading的属性，其初始化值总是0.。还添加一个名为read_odometer()的方法，用于读取汽车的里程表：

class Car():
	def __init__(self,make,model,year):
		"""初始化描述汽车的属性"""
		self.make = make
		self.model = model
		self.year = year
		self.odometer_reading = 0
		
	def get_descriptive_name(self):
		"""返回整洁的描述性信息"""
		long_name = str(self.year) + ' ' + self.make + ' ' + self.model
		return long_name.title()
	
	def read_odometer(self):
		"""打印一条指出汽车里程的消息"""
		print("This car has " + str(self.odometer_reading) + " miles on it. ")

my_new_car = Car('audi','a4',2016)
print(my_new_car.get_descriptive_name())
my_new_car.read_odometer()

2016 Audi A4
This car has 0 miles on it.

当python调用方法__init__()来创建新实例时，将像前一个示例一样以属性的方式存储制造商，型号和生产年份。接下来，python将创建一个名为odometer_reading的属性，并将其初始化值设置为0，我们还定义了一个名为read_odometer()的方法，它能够获得汽车的里程数。

3.修改属性的值

可以以三种不同的方式修改属性的值：直接通过实例进行修改；通过方法进行设置；通过方法进行递增（增加特定的值）。
1>直接修改属性的值
要修改属性的值，最简单的方式是通过实例直接访问它。下面的代码直接将里程表读数设置为23；

class Car():
	def __init__(self,make,model,year):
		"""初始化描述汽车的属性"""
		self.make = make
		self.model = model
		self.year = year
		self.odometer_reading = 0
		
	def get_descriptive_name(self):
		"""返回整洁的描述性信息"""
		long_name = str(self.year) + ' ' + self.make + ' ' + self.model
		return long_name.title()
	
	def read_odometer(self):
		"""打印一条指出汽车里程的消息"""
		print("This car has " + str(self.odometer_reading) + " miles on it. ")

my_new_car = Car('audi','a4',2016)
print(my_new_car.get_descriptive_name())
my_new_car.odometer_reading = 23
my_new_car.read_odometer()

2016 Audi A4
This car has 23 miles on it.

有时候需要像上面这样直接访问属性，但其他时候需要编写对属性进行更新的方法。
2>通过方法修改属性的值
下面编写一个更新的方法，名为update_odometer()的方法：

class Car():
	def __init__(self,make,model,year):
		"""初始化描述汽车的属性"""
		self.make = make
		self.model = model
		self.year = year
		self.odometer_reading = 0
		
	def get_descriptive_name(self):
		"""返回整洁的描述性信息"""
		long_name = str(self.year) + ' ' + self.make + ' ' + self.model
		return long_name.title()
	
	def read_odometer(self):
		"""打印一条指出汽车里程的消息"""
		print("This car has " + str(self.odometer_reading) + " miles on it. ")
	
	def update_odometer(self,mileage):
		"""将里程表读数设置为指定的值"""
		self.odometer_reading = mileage

my_new_car = Car('audi','a4',2016)
print(my_new_car.get_descriptive_name())
my_new_car.update_odometer(23)
my_new_car.read_odometer()

2016 Audi A4
This car has 23 miles on it. 

可对方法update_odometer()进行扩展，使其在修改里程表读数时做些额外的工作。下面修改一些逻辑，禁止任何人将里程表读数往回调：

class Car():
	def __init__(self,make,model,year):
		"""初始化描述汽车的属性"""
		self.make = make
		self.model = model
		self.year = year
		self.odometer_reading = 0
		
	def get_descriptive_name(self):
		"""返回整洁的描述性信息"""
		long_name = str(self.year) + ' ' + self.make + ' ' + self.model
		return long_name.title()
	
	def read_odometer(self):
		"""打印一条指出汽车里程的消息"""
		print("This car has " + str(self.odometer_reading) + " miles on it. ")
	
	def update_odometer(self,mileage):
		"""将里程表读数设置为指定的值
			禁止将里程表读数往回调
		"""
		if mileage >= self.odometer_reading:
			self.odometer_reading = mileage
		else:
			print("You can't roll back an odometer!")

my_new_car = Car('audi','a4',2016)
print(my_new_car.get_descriptive_name())
my_new_car.update_odometer(-1)
my_new_car.read_odometer()

2016 Audi A4
You can't roll back an odometer!
This car has 0 miles on it. 

3>通过方法对属性的值进行递增
有时候需要将属性值递增特定的值，而不是将其设置为全新的值。假设购买了一辆二手车，且从购买到登记期间增加了100英里的里程，下面的方法让我们能够传递这个增量并相应地增加里程表读数：

class Car():
	def __init__(self,make,model,year):
		"""初始化描述汽车的属性"""
		self.make = make
		self.model = model
		self.year = year
		self.odometer_reading = 0
		
	def get_descriptive_name(self):
		"""返回整洁的描述性信息"""
		long_name = str(self.year) + ' ' + self.make + ' ' + self.model
		return long_name.title()
	
	def read_odometer(self):
		"""打印一条指出汽车里程的消息"""
		print("This car has " + str(self.odometer_reading) + " miles on it. ")
	
	def update_odometer(self,mileage):
		"""将里程表读数设置为指定的值
			禁止将里程表读数往回调
		"""
		if mileage >= self.odometer_reading:
			self.odometer_reading = mileage
		else:
			print("You can't roll back an odometer!")

	def increment_odometer(self,miles):
		"""将里程表读数增加指定的量"""
		self.odometer_reading += miles

my_used_car = Car('subaru','outback',2013)
print(my_used_car.get_descriptive_name())

my_used_car.update_odometer(23500)
my_used_car.read_odometer()

my_used_car.increment_odometer(100)
my_used_car.read_odometer()

2013 Subaru Outback
This car has 23500 miles on it. 
This car has 23600 miles on it.

上面可以轻松的更新里程表的数值，所以要防止增量为负值，所以要进行一些检查才行：

class Car():
	def __init__(self,make,model,year):
		"""初始化描述汽车的属性"""
		self.make = make
		self.model = model
		self.year = year
		self.odometer_reading = 0
		
	def get_descriptive_name(self):
		"""返回整洁的描述性信息"""
		long_name = str(self.year) + ' ' + self.make + ' ' + self.model
		return long_name.title()
	
	def read_odometer(self):
		"""打印一条指出汽车里程的消息"""
		print("This car has " + str(self.odometer_reading) + " miles on it. ")
	
	def update_odometer(self,mileage):
		"""将里程表读数设置为指定的值
			禁止将里程表读数往回调
		"""
		if mileage >= self.odometer_reading:
			self.odometer_reading = mileage
		else:
			print("You can't roll back an odometer!")

	def increment_odometer(self,miles):
		"""将里程表读数增加指定的量"""
		if miles >= self.odometer_reading:
			self.odometer_reading += miles
		else:
			print("Sorry add mileage must more than 0.")

my_used_car = Car('subaru','outback',2013)
print(my_used_car.get_descriptive_name())

my_used_car.update_odometer(23500)
my_used_car.read_odometer()

my_used_car.increment_odometer(-100)
my_used_car.read_odometer()

2013 Subaru Outback
This car has 23500 miles on it. 
Sorry add mileage must more than 0.
This car has 23500 miles on it. 

练习：

class Restaurant():
	
	def __init__(self,restaurant_name,cuisine_type):
		self.restaurant_name = restaurant_name
		self.cuisine_type = cuisine_type
		self.number_served = 0
		
	def describe_restaurant(self):
		print(self.restaurant_name.title() + " : "+self.cuisine_type)
		
	def open_restaurant(self):
		print("the restaurant in operation.")
		
	def how_many_peopel(self):
		print("peopels are " + " " + str(self.number_served))
		

restaurant = Restaurant('tian shang ren jian', 'ye zong hui')
restaurant.how_many_peopel()
restaurant.number_served = 10
restaurant.how_many_peopel()

peopels are  0
peopels are  10

练习2

class Restaurant():
	
	def __init__(self,restaurant_name,cuisine_type):
		self.restaurant_name = restaurant_name
		self.cuisine_type = cuisine_type
		self.number_served = 0
		
	def describe_restaurant(self):
		print(self.restaurant_name.title() + " : "+self.cuisine_type)
		
	def open_restaurant(self):
		print("the restaurant in operation.")
		
	def how_many_peopel(self):
		print("peopels are " + " " + str(self.number_served))
		
	def set_number_served(self,value):
		self.number_served = value
		

restaurant = Restaurant('tian shang ren jian', 'ye zong hui')
restaurant.how_many_peopel()
restaurant.number_served = 10
restaurant.how_many_peopel()
restaurant.set_number_served(20)
restaurant.how_many_peopel()

peopels are  0
peopels are  10
peopels are  20

练习3：

class Restaurant():
	
	def __init__(self,restaurant_name,cuisine_type):
		self.restaurant_name = restaurant_name
		self.cuisine_type = cuisine_type
		self.number_served = 0
		
	def describe_restaurant(self):
		print(self.restaurant_name.title() + " : "+self.cuisine_type)
		
	def open_restaurant(self):
		print("the restaurant in operation.")
		
	def how_many_peopel(self):
		print("peopels are " + " " + str(self.number_served))
		
	def set_number_served(self,value):
		self.number_served = value
		
	def increment_number_served(self,values):
		self.number_served += values
		print("the resturant maybe eating peopel:" + str(self.number_served))

restaurant = Restaurant('tian shang ren jian', 'ye zong hui')
restaurant.how_many_peopel()
restaurant.number_served = 10
restaurant.how_many_peopel()
restaurant.set_number_served(20)
restaurant.how_many_peopel()
restaurant.increment_number_served(50)

peopels are  0
peopels are  10
peopels are  20
the resturant maybe eating peopel:70

练习4

lass Car():
	def __init__(self,make,model,year):
		"""初始化描述汽车的属性"""
		self.make = make
		self.model = model
		self.year = year
		self.odometer_reading = 0
		self.login_attempts = -1
		
	def get_descriptive_name(self):
		"""返回整洁的描述性信息"""
		long_name = str(self.year) + ' ' + self.make + ' ' + self.model
		return long_name.title()
	
	def read_odometer(self):
		"""打印一条指出汽车里程的消息"""
		print("This car has " + str(self.odometer_reading) + " miles on it. ")
	
	def update_odometer(self,mileage):
		"""将里程表读数设置为指定的值
			禁止将里程表读数往回调
		"""
		if mileage >= self.odometer_reading:
			self.odometer_reading = mileage
		else:
			print("You can't roll back an odometer!")

	def increment_odometer(self,miles):
		"""将里程表读数增加指定的量"""
		if miles >= self.odometer_reading:
			self.odometer_reading += miles
		else:
			print("Sorry add mileage must more than 0.")

	def increment_login_attempts(self):
		self.login_attempts = 1
	def rest_login_attempts(self):
		self.login_attempts = 0
	
	def show_login_attempts(self):
		print("The login in times: " + str(self.login_attempts))

my_used_car = Car('subaru','outback',2013)
print(my_used_car.get_descriptive_name())

my_used_car.update_odometer(23500)
my_used_car.read_odometer()

my_used_car.increment_odometer(-100)
my_used_car.read_odometer()

my_used_car.increment_login_attempts()
my_used_car.show_login_attempts()
my_used_car.rest_login_attempts()
my_used_car.show_login_attempts()

2013 Subaru Outback
This car has 23500 miles on it. 
Sorry add mileage must more than 0.
This car has 23500 miles on it. 
The login in times: 1
The login in times: 0

练习4：

class Car():
	def __init__(self,make,model,year):
		"""初始化描述汽车的属性"""
		self.make = make
		self.model = model
		self.year = year
		self.odometer_reading = 0
		self.login_attempts = 0
		
	def get_descriptive_name(self):
		"""返回整洁的描述性信息"""
		long_name = str(self.year) + ' ' + self.make + ' ' + self.model
		return long_name.title()
	
	def read_odometer(self):
		"""打印一条指出汽车里程的消息"""
		print("This car has " + str(self.odometer_reading) + " miles on it. ")
	
	def update_odometer(self,mileage):
		"""将里程表读数设置为指定的值
			禁止将里程表读数往回调
		"""
		if mileage >= self.odometer_reading:
			self.odometer_reading = mileage
		else:
			print("You can't roll back an odometer!")

	def increment_odometer(self,miles):
		"""将里程表读数增加指定的量"""
		if miles >= self.odometer_reading:
			self.odometer_reading += miles
		else:
			print("Sorry add mileage must more than 0.")

	def increment_login_attempts(self):
		self.login_attempts += 1
	def rest_login_attempts(self):
		self.login_attempts = 0
	
	def show_login_attempts(self):
		print("The login in times: " + str(self.login_attempts))

my_used_car = Car('subaru','outback',2013)
print(my_used_car.get_descriptive_name())

my_used_car.update_odometer(23500)
my_used_car.read_odometer()

my_used_car.increment_odometer(-100)
my_used_car.read_odometer()

my_used_car.increment_login_attempts()
my_used_car.show_login_attempts()
my_used_car.rest_login_attempts()
my_used_car.show_login_attempts()
my_used_car.increment_login_attempts()
my_used_car.show_login_attempts()
my_used_car.increment_login_attempts()
my_used_car.show_login_attempts()
my_used_car.increment_login_attempts()
my_used_car.show_login_attempts()
my_used_car.increment_login_attempts()
my_used_car.show_login_attempts()

2013 Subaru Outback
This car has 23500 miles on it. 
Sorry add mileage must more than 0.
This car has 23500 miles on it. 
The login in times: 1
The login in times: 0
The login in times: 1
The login in times: 2
The login in times: 3
The login in times: 4