工程目录:Note
特性:
[attribute(positional_parameters, name_parameter = value, ...)] element
特性(Attribute)的名称和值是在方括号内规定的,放置在它所应用的元素之前。positional_parameters 规定必需的信息,name_parameter 规定可选的信息。
自建特性DebugInfo:DebugInfo.cs
using System;
using System.Collections.Generic;
using System.Text;
namespace Note
{
[AttributeUsage(AttributeTargets.Class |
AttributeTargets.Constructor |
AttributeTargets.Field |
AttributeTargets.Method |
AttributeTargets.Property,
AllowMultiple = true)]
class DebugInfo : Attribute
{
private int bugNo;
private string developer;
private string lastReview;
public string message;
public DebugInfo(int bg, string dev, string lastR) {
this.bugNo = bg;
this.developer = dev;
this.lastReview = lastR;
}
public int BugNo
{
get { return bugNo; }
}
public string Developer
{
get { return developer; }
}
public string LastReview
{
get { return lastReview; }
}
public string Message
{
get { return message; }
set { message = value; }
}
}
}
自建特性在Rectangle类中的应用:Rectangle.cs
using System;
using System.Collections.Generic;
using System.Text;
namespace Note
{
[DebugInfo(45, "Zara Ali", "12/8/2012", Message = "Return type mismatch")]
[DebugInfo(49, "Nuha Ali", "10/10/2012", Message = "Unused variable")]
class Rectangle
{
double width;
double length;
//构造函数
public Rectangle(double _width, double _length)
{
width = _width;
length = _length;
}
//计算面积
[DebugInfo(55, "Zara Ali", "19/10/2012", Message = "Return type mismatch")]
public double getArea()
{
return width * length;
}
//结果显示
[DebugInfo(56, "Zara Ali", "19/10/2012")]
public void Display()
{
Console.WriteLine("length:{0}", length);
Console.WriteLine("width:{0}", width);
Console.WriteLine("Area:{0}", getArea());
}
}
}
反射:
反射(Reflection)有下列用途:
- 它允许在运行时查看特性(attribute)信息。
- 它允许审查集合中的各种类型,以及实例化这些类型。
- 它允许延迟绑定的方法和属性(property)。
- 它允许在运行时创建新类型,然后使用这些类型执行一些任务。
在主函数中通过 GetCustomAttributes 函数查看类和方法中的特性信息
属性:
属性(Property) 是类(class)、结构(structure)和接口(interface)的命名(named)成员。类或结构中的成员变量或方法称为 域(Field)。属性(Property)是域(Field)的扩展,且可使用相同的语法来访问。它们使用 访问器(accessors) 让私有域的值可被读写或操作。
属性(Property)不会确定存储位置。相反,它们具有可读写或计算它们值的 访问器(accessors)。
抽象属性实例:AbstractProperties.cs
using System;
using System.Collections.Generic;
using System.Text;
namespace Note
{
public abstract class Person
{
public abstract string Name
{
get;
set;
}
public abstract int Age
{
get;
set;
}
}
class Student : Person
{
private string code = "N.A";
private string name = "N.A";
private int age = 0;
//声明code属性
public string Code
{
get { return code; }
set { code = value; }
}
//重写name属性
public override string Name
{
get { return name; }
set { name = value; }
}
//重写age属性
public override int Age
{
get { return age; }
set { age = value; }
}
//重写ToString()
public override string ToString()
{
return " code:" + code + " name:" + name + " age:" + age;
}
}
}
索引器:
索引器(Indexer) 允许一个对象可以像数组一样被索引。当您为类定义一个索引器时,该类的行为就会像一个 虚拟数组(virtual array) 一样。您可以使用数组访问运算符([ ])来访问该类的实例。
实例:IndexedNames.cs
using System;
using System.Collections.Generic;
using System.Text;
namespace Note
{
class IndexedNames
{
public static int size = 10;
private string[] nameList = new string[size];
public IndexedNames()
{
for (int i = 0; i < size; i++)
{
nameList[i] = "N.A";
}
}
//获取size
public int Size
{
get { return size; }
}
//定义索引器
public string this[int index]
{
get
{
string temp;
if (index >= 0 && index <= size - 1)
{
temp = nameList[index];
}
else
{
temp = "";
}
return temp;
}
set
{
if (index >= 0 && index <= size - 1)
{
nameList[index] = value;
}
}
}
}
}
委托:
C# 中的委托(Delegate)类似于 C 或 C++ 中函数的指针。委托(Delegate) 是存有对某个方法的引用的一种引用类型变量。引用可在运行时被改变。
委托(Delegate)特别用于实现事件和回调方法。所有的委托(Delegate)都派生自 System.Delegate 类。
声明委托(Delegate)
委托声明决定了可由该委托引用的方法。委托可指向一个与其具有相同标签的方法。
实例:DelegateTest.cs
using System;
using System.Collections.Generic;
using System.IO;
using System.Text;
namespace Note
{
//声明委托
delegate int NumberChanger(int n);
class DelegateTest
{
static int num = 10;
//ADDNUM 函数
public static int AddNum(int p)
{
num += p;
return num;
}
public static int MultNum(int q)
{
num *= q;
return num;
}
public static int GetNum()
{
return num;
}
}
//声明委托
public delegate void printString(string str);
class PrintString
{
static FileStream fs;
static StreamWriter sw;
//打印到控制台方法
public static void PrintToScreen(string str) {
Console.WriteLine("the string is:{0}", str);
StreamReader FileContent = new StreamReader("message.txt", Encoding.Default);
Console.WriteLine(FileContent.ReadLine());
}
//打印到文件方法
public static void PrintToFile(string str)
{
fs = new FileStream("message.txt",FileMode.OpenOrCreate,FileAccess.ReadWrite);
sw = new StreamWriter(fs);
sw.WriteLine(str);
sw.Flush();
sw.Close();
fs.Close();
}
public static void SendString(printString ps)
{
ps("this is the delegate test");
}
}
}
事件:
通过事件使用委托
事件在类中声明且生成,且通过使用同一个类或其他类中的委托与事件处理程序关联。包含事件的类用于发布事件。这被称为 发布器(publisher) 类。其他接受该事件的类被称为 订阅器(subscriber) 类。事件使用 发布-订阅(publisher-subscriber) 模型。
发布器(publisher) 是一个包含事件和委托定义的对象。事件和委托之间的联系也定义在这个对象中。发布器(publisher)类的对象调用这个事件,并通知其他的对象。
订阅器(subscriber) 是一个接受事件并提供事件处理程序的对象。在发布器(publisher)类中的委托调用订阅器(subscriber)类中的方法(事件处理程序)。
声明事件(Event)
在类的内部声明事件,首先必须声明该事件的委托类型,然后使用event关键字声明事件
实例:EventTest.cs
using System;
using System.Collections.Generic;
using System.Text;
namespace Note
{
//定义发布器类
class EventTest
{
private int value;
//定义委托
public delegate void NumManipulationHandler();
//定义事件
public event NumManipulationHandler NumChange;
public EventTest()
{
this.value = 5;
OnNumChanged();
}
protected virtual void OnNumChanged()
{
if(NumChange != null)
{
NumChange();
}
else
{
Console.WriteLine("event not fire");
Console.ReadLine();
}
}
public void SetValue(int value)
{
if(this.value != value)
{
this.value = value;
OnNumChanged();
}
}
}
//定义订阅器类
public class SubscribEvent
{
public void printf()
{
Console.WriteLine("event fire");
Console.ReadKey();
}
}
}
利用事件完成一个热水锅炉日志记录实例:BoilerEventApp.cs
using System;
using System.Collections.Generic;
using System.IO;
using System.Text;
namespace Note
{
class Boiler
{
private int temp;
private int pressure;
//定义构造函数
public Boiler(int temp, int pressure)
{
this.temp = temp;
this.pressure = pressure;
}
//获取温度函数
public int getTemp()
{
return temp;
}
//获取压力函数
public int getPressure()
{
return pressure;
}
}
//定义事件发布器
class DelegateBoilerEvent
{
//定义委托
public delegate void BoilerLogHandler(string status);
//定义事件
public event BoilerLogHandler BoilerLogEvent;
protected virtual void OnBoilerLogEvent(string message)
{
if(BoilerLogEvent != null)
{
BoilerLogEvent(message);
}
}
public void LogProcess()
{
string remarks = "O.K";
Boiler boiler = new Boiler(100, 12);
int tempreture = boiler.getTemp();
int pressure = boiler.getPressure();
if(tempreture > 150 || tempreture < 80 || pressure > 15 || pressure < 12)
{
remarks = "Need Maintenance";
}
OnBoilerLogEvent("logging info:\n");
OnBoilerLogEvent("tempreture:" + tempreture + " pressure:" + pressure);
OnBoilerLogEvent("\nmessage:" + remarks);
}
}
//定义日志文件写入类
class BoilerLogInfo
{
FileStream fs;
StreamWriter sw;
public BoilerLogInfo(string filename)
{
fs = new FileStream(filename, FileMode.Append, FileAccess.Write);
sw = new StreamWriter(fs);
}
//写入log函数
public void Logger(string info)
{
sw.WriteLine(info);
}
//回收函数
public void Close()
{
sw.Flush();
sw.Close();
fs.Close();
}
}
//定义事件订阅器
class RecordBoilerInfo
{
public static void Logger(string info)
{
Console.WriteLine(info);
}
}
}
主函数代码如下:
using System;
using System.Reflection;
namespace Note
{
class Program
{
static void Main(string[] args)
{
Console.WriteLine("Hello World!");
//矩形面积
Console.WriteLine("---------矩形面积----------");
Rectangle rectangle = new Rectangle(4.5, 3.5);
rectangle.Display();
Console.WriteLine("---------Interface:--------");
MyInterface myInterface = new MyInterface();
myInterface.MethodToImplement();
myInterface.ParentMethodToImplement();
Console.WriteLine("--------FileStream---------");
FileIO fileIO = new FileIO();
fileIO.showData();
fileIO.Close();
Console.WriteLine("--------Reflection---------");
Type info = typeof(Rectangle);
object[] attributes = info.GetCustomAttributes(true);
for(int i = 0; i<attributes.Length; i++)
{
Console.WriteLine(attributes[i]);
}
//遍历类特性
Console.WriteLine("遍历类特性");
foreach(Object attribute in info.GetCustomAttributes(true))
{
DebugInfo dbi = (DebugInfo)attribute;
if(dbi != null)
{
Console.WriteLine("bugNo:{0}", dbi.BugNo);
Console.WriteLine("developer:{0}", dbi.Developer);
Console.WriteLine("last reviewed:{0}", dbi.LastReview);
Console.WriteLine("remarks:{0}", dbi.message);
}
}
//遍历方法特性
Console.WriteLine("遍历方法特性");
foreach (MethodInfo m in info.GetMethods())
{
foreach(Attribute attr in m.GetCustomAttributes(true))
{
DebugInfo dbi = (DebugInfo)attr;
if(null != dbi)
{
Console.WriteLine("bugno:{0},for method:{1}", dbi.BugNo, m.Name);
Console.WriteLine("developer:{0}", dbi.Developer);
Console.WriteLine("last reviewed:{0}", dbi.LastReview);
Console.WriteLine("remark:{0}", dbi.message);
}
}
}
//抽象属性
Console.WriteLine("抽象属性");
Student stu = new Student();
stu.Code = "001";
stu.Name = "Zara";
stu.Age = 21;
Console.WriteLine("student info:{0}", stu);
stu.Age += 1;
Console.WriteLine("student info:{0}", stu);
//索引器
Console.WriteLine("索引器");
IndexedNames indexedNames = new IndexedNames();
indexedNames[0] = "Zara";
indexedNames[1] = "Riz";
indexedNames[2] = "Nuha";
indexedNames[3] = "Asif";
indexedNames[4] = "Davinder";
indexedNames[5] = "Sunil";
indexedNames[6] = "Rubic";
for(int i = 0; i < indexedNames.Size; i++)
{
Console.WriteLine(indexedNames[i]);
}
//委托
Console.WriteLine("委托");
//创建委托实例
NumberChanger numberChanger1 = new NumberChanger(DelegateTest.AddNum);
NumberChanger numberChanger2 = new NumberChanger(DelegateTest.MultNum);
Console.WriteLine("value of num:{0}", DelegateTest.GetNum());
numberChanger1(25);
Console.WriteLine("value of num after numberChange1(AddNum):{0}", DelegateTest.GetNum());
numberChanger2(5);
Console.WriteLine("value of num after numberChange2(MultNum):{0}", DelegateTest.GetNum());
//创建委托实例
printString printString2 = new printString(PrintString.PrintToScreen);
printString printString1 = new printString(PrintString.PrintToFile);
PrintString.SendString(printString1);
PrintString.SendString(printString2);
//事件
Console.WriteLine("事件");
EventTest eventTest = new EventTest();
SubscribEvent subscribEvent = new SubscribEvent();
eventTest.NumChange += new EventTest.NumManipulationHandler(subscribEvent.printf);
eventTest.SetValue(7);
eventTest.SetValue(11);
//事件实例:热水锅炉日志排障
BoilerLogInfo boilerLogInfo = new BoilerLogInfo("BoilerLog.txt");
DelegateBoilerEvent delegateBoilerEvent = new DelegateBoilerEvent();
delegateBoilerEvent.BoilerLogEvent += new DelegateBoilerEvent.BoilerLogHandler(RecordBoilerInfo.Logger);
delegateBoilerEvent.BoilerLogEvent += new DelegateBoilerEvent.BoilerLogHandler(boilerLogInfo.Logger);
delegateBoilerEvent.LogProcess();
boilerLogInfo.Close();
Console.ReadLine();
}
}
}