MySQL视图笔记

/**
  视图: MySQL从5.0.1版本开始提供视图功能。一种虚拟
  存在的表，行和列的数据来自定义视图的查询中使用的表，
  并且是在使用视图时动态生成的，只保存了sql逻辑，不保存查询结果

  视图与表的对比：
       创建语法的关键字          是否实际占用物理空间      使用
视图    CREATE VIEW               只是保存了sql逻辑        增删改查，只是一般不能增删改
表      CREATE TABLE              保存了数据               增删改查

  应用场景：
   多个地方用到同样的查询结果
   该查询结果使用的sql语句较复杂
**/
# 案例：查询姓张的学生名和专业名
# 2、普通方式
SELECT stuname , majorname FROM stuinfo s 
INNER JOIN majors m ON s.majorid=m.id
WHERE s.stuname LIKE '张%'; 
# 3、视图
CREATE VIEW v1 AS
SELECT stuname , majorname FROM stuinfo s 
INNER JOIN majors m ON s.majorid=m.id;

SELECT * FROM v1 WHERE stuname LIKE '张%';

# ===== 一、创建视图
/**
   语法：
   CREATE VIEW 视图名 AS 查询语句;
**/

USE myemployess;
#1.查询姓名中包含a字符的员工、部门名和工种信息
#①创建
CREATE VIEW myv1 AS
SELECT last_name , department_name , job_title 
FROM employees e JOIN departments d ON e.department_id = d.department_id 
                 JOIN jobs j ON j.job_id = e.job_id;

#②使用
SELECT* FROM myv1 WHERE last_name LIKE '%a%';

#2.查询各部门的平均工资级别
#创建视图查看每个部门的平均工资
CREATE VIEW myv2 AS 
SELECT AVG(salary) ag , department_id FROM employees
GROUP BY department_id;

#②使用
SELECT myv2.ag , g.grade_level FROM myv2 
JOIN job_grades g ON myv2.ag BETWEEN g.lowest_sal AND g.highest_sal;

# ===== 二、修改视图
#方式一：
/**
  CREATE OR REPLACE VIEW 视图名 AS 查询语句;
**/
SELECT * FROM myv3;
CREATE OR REPLACE VIEW myv3 AS
SELECT AVG(salary) , job_id FROM employess
GROUP BY job_id;
#方式二
/**
  语法：
   ALTER VIEW 视图名 AS 查询语句;
**/
ALTER VIEW myv3 AS
SELECT * FROM employees;

# ===== 三、删除视图
/**
  语法：DROP VIEW 视图名 , 视图名 , ..... ;
**/
DROP VIEW myv1 , myv2 , myv3;

# ===== 四、查看视图
DESC myv3;
SHOW CREATE VIEW myv3/G;


# ===== 练习
# 一、创建视图emp_v1 要求查询电话以'011'开头的员工姓名和工资、邮箱
CREATE OR REPLACE VIEW emp_v1 AS
SELECT last_name , salary , email FROM employees
WHERE phone_number LIKE '011%';
# 二、创建视图emp_v2 要求查询部门的最高工资高于12000的部门信息
CREATE OR REPLACE VIEW emp_v2 AS
SELECT MAX(salary) mx_dep , department_id FROM employees 
GROUP BY department_id HAVING MAX(salary) > 12000;

# 从emp_v2视图中获取
SELECT d.* , m.mx_dep FROM departments d 
JOIN emp_v2 m ON m.department_id = d.department_id;
# 普通方法
SELECT d.* , m.mx_dep FROM departments d 
JOIN (
 SELECT MAX(salary) mx_dep , department_id FROM employees 
 GROUP BY department_id HAVING MAX(salary) > 12000
) m
ON m.department_id = d.department_id; 


# ============= 五、视图的更新
CREATE OR REPLACE VIEW myv1 AS
SELECT last_name , email , salary*12*12(1+IFNULL(commission_pct , 0,0)) "annual salary"
FROM employees;

SELECT * FROM myv1;
# 1.插入
INSERT INTO myv1 VALUES('张飞' , 'zf@qq.com');
#2.修改
UPDATE myv1 SET last_name = '张无忌' WHERE last_name='张飞'；
# 3.删除
DELETE FROM myv1 WHERE last_name ='张无忌';

# 具备以下特点的视图不允许更新

# =======①包含以下关键字的Sql语句：分组函数、distinct、group by、having、union或者union all
CREATE OR REPLACE VIEW myv1 AS
SELECT MAX(salary) m , department_id FROM employees
GROUP BY department_id;

SELECT* FROM myv1;

# 尝试更新
UPDATE  myv1 SET m=9000 WHERE department_id=10; #不可以

# =======②常量视图
CREATE OR REPLACE VIEW myv2 AS
SELECT 'john' name;

SELECT *FROM myv2;

# 尝试更新
UPDATE myv2 SET name ='lucy'; #不可以

# =======③select 中包含子查询
CREATE OR REPLACE VIEW myv3 AS
SELECT (SELECT MAX(salary) FROM employees) 最高工资;

# 尝试更新
SELECT * FROM myv3;
UPDATE myv3 SET 最高工资=100000; # 不可以

# =======④join
CREATE OR REPLACE VIEW myv4 AS
SELECT last_name , department_name FROM employees e 
JOIN departments d ON e.department_id = d.department;

# 尝试更新
SELECT * FROM myv4;
UPDATE myv4 SET last_name = '张飞' WHERE last_name='Whalen'; #可以
INSERT INTO myv4 VALUES('陈真' , 'xxxx');  #不可以

# ⑥where子句的子查询引用了from子句中的表
CREATE OR REPLACE VIEW myv6 AS
SELECT last_name , email , salary FROM employees
WHERE employees_id IN(
   SELECT manager_id FROM employees WHERE manager_id IS NOT NULL
);

# 尝试更新
SELECT * FROM myv6;
UPDATE myv6 SET salary=10000 WHERE last_name='k_ing';