Java多线程

1 Java多线程简要概述

1.1线程的核心概念

(1)线程就是独立执行的路径

(2)在程序运行时,即使没有自己创建线程,后台也会有多个线程,比如 主线程,gc线程

(3)main()称之为主线程,为系统的入口,用于执行整个程序

(4)在一个进程中,如果避开了多个线程,现成的运行由调度器安排调度,调度器是与操作系统紧密相关的,先后顺序是不能人为干预的

(5)对同一份资源进行操作时,会存在资源抢夺的问题,需要加入并发控制

(6)线程会带来额外的开销,如cpu调度时间,并发控制开销

(7)每个线程在自己的工作内存交互,内存控制不当会造成数据不一致

2 线程的创建

2.1 继承Thread

(1)继承Thread类,重写run方法,调用Start()方法开启线程

(2)不建议使用:为了避免OOP单继承的局限性

(3)代码展示

package com.shallow.多线程;

// 创建线程方法一:继承Thread类,重写run方法,调用Start()方法开启线程
public class ThreadTest1 extends Thread {

    @Override
    public void run() {
        for (int i = 0; i < 1200; i++) {
            System.out.println("Thread多线程" + i);

        }
    }

    public static void main(String[] args) {
        ThreadTest1 threadTest = new ThreadTest1(); // 创建一个线程对象
        threadTest.start(); // 调用start()方法开启线程

        for (int i = 0; i < 1200; i++) {
            System.out.println("main主线程" + i);

        }
    }
}

// 打印结果
main主线程0
Thread多线程0
Thread多线程1
Thread多线程2
Thread多线程3
Thread多线程4
main主线程1
Thread多线程5
.....
可以看得出来,这两个线程是同时在进行的

2.2 实现Runnable接口

(1)重写run方法,执行线程需要丢入runnable接口实现类。调用start()方法

(2)推荐使用:很好的避免了单继承的局限性,灵活方便,同一个对象被多个线程使用

(3)代码展示

package com.shallow.多线程;

public class RunnableTest implements Runnable{
    @Override
    public void run() {
        for (int i = 0; i < 1200; i++) {
            System.out.println("Runnable线程:" + i);

        }

    }

    public static void main(String[] args) {
        RunnableTest runnableTest = new RunnableTest();
        new Thread(runnableTest).start();

        for (int i = 0; i < 1200; i++) {
            System.out.println("main方法:" + i);

        }

    }

}
// 打印结果
main方法:0
Runnable线程:0
Runnable线程:1
Runnable线程:2
main方法:1
main方法:2
main方法:3
main方法:4
Runnable线程:3
....

2.3 实现Callable接口

(1)创建方法

1.创建一个实现Callable接口的类,实现call方法。将操作声明在call里。
2.创建Callable接口实现类的对象。然后创建执行服务,在提交服务,最后记得要关闭服务

(2)代码展示

package com.shallow.多线程;

import java.util.concurrent.*;

public class CallableTest1 implements Callable<Boolean> {
    @Override
    public Boolean call() throws Exception {

        for (int i = 0; i < 100; i++) {
            System.out.println(Thread.currentThread().getName() + "Callable:" + i);

        }
        return true;
    }

    public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception{
        CallableTest1 callableTest1 = new CallableTest1();
        CallableTest1 callableTest2 = new CallableTest1();
        CallableTest1 callableTest3 = new CallableTest1();

        // 创建执行服务
        ExecutorService executorService = Executors.newFixedThreadPool(3);

        // 提交执行
        Future<Boolean> future1 = executorService.submit(callableTest1);
        Future<Boolean> future2 = executorService.submit(callableTest2);
        Future<Boolean> future3 = executorService.submit(callableTest3);

        // 获取结果
        boolean b1 = future1.get();
        boolean b2 = future2.get();
        boolean b3 = future3.get();

        System.out.println(b1);
        System.out.println(b2);
        System.out.println(b3);

        // 关闭服务
        executorService.shutdownNow();
    }
}

// 打印
pool-1-thread-3Callable:2
pool-1-thread-3Callable:3
pool-1-thread-3Callable:4
pool-1-thread-3Callable:5
pool-1-thread-3Callable:6
pool-1-thread-3Callable:7
pool-1-thread-1Callable:0
pool-1-thread-2Callable:0
pool-1-thread-2Callable:1
看这个3Callable和1Callable还有2Callable同时在输出

3 线程状态

3.1 五大状态

(1)五大状态

1. 创建状态
2. 就绪状态
3. 运行状态
4. 阻塞状态
5. 死亡状态

3.2 停止线程

(1)使用标志位方式

(2)代码展示

package com.shallow.多线程;

public class StopThread_04 implements Runnable{

    // 设置标志位
    private boolean stop = true;

    @Override
    public void run() {
        int i = 0;
        while (stop) {
            System.out.println("Run...." + i);

        }
    }

    // 写一个标志位,用来停止某个线程
    public void stop() {
        this.stop = false;

    }

    public static void main(String[] args) {
        StopThread_04 stopThread = new StopThread_04();

        new Thread(stopThread).start();

        for (int i = 0; i < 500; i++) {
            System.out.println("main...." + i);
            if (i == 490) {
                // 调用stop方法停止线程
                stopThread.stop();
                System.out.println("run线程停止了");

            }
        }

    }
}
// 打印
main....0
Run....0
main....1
Run....0
main....2
Run....0
...
main....490
Run....0
run线程停止了

3.3 线程休眠(阻塞状态)

PS:每一个对象都有一把锁,sleep不会释放锁
(1)sleep() 的作用是让当前线程休眠,即当前线程会从“运行状态”进入到“休眠(阻塞)状态”。sleep()会指定休眠时间,线程休眠的时间会大于/等于该休眠时间;在线程重新被唤醒时,它会由“阻塞状态”变成“就绪状态”,从而等待cpu的调度执行。

(1)代码展示

package com.shallow.多线程;

import java.text.SimpleDateFormat;
import java.util.Date;

// 线程休眠
public class ThreadSleep_05 {
    public static void main(String[] args) throws InterruptedException {
//        ThreadSleep_05.tenDown();  // 这个方法是模拟倒计时
        // 模拟打印系统当前时间
        Date Time = new Date(); // 获取当前时间

        while (true) {
            Thread.sleep(1000); // 休眠1秒
            long time = Time.getTime(); // 将时间转换为long类型
            SimpleDateFormat simpleDateFormat = new SimpleDateFormat("HH:mm:ss"); // 将获取的时间格式化
            String format = simpleDateFormat.format(time); // 将long类型的时间转换为字符串形式
            System.out.println(format);
            Time = new Date(); // 从新获取时间起到更新时间的作用
        }

    }

    // 模拟倒计时
    public static void tenDown() throws InterruptedException {
        int num = 30;
        while (true) {
            Thread.sleep(1000);
            System.out.println(num--);
            if (num <= 0) {
                break;

            }
        }
    }
}

// 打印
14:05:04
14:05:05
14:05:06
14:05:07
14:05:08
14:05:09
14:05:10
14:05:11

即休眠一秒

3.4 线程礼让

(1)首先礼让是不一定成功的

(2)礼让线程,让当前正在执行的线程暂停,但不阻塞

(3)将线程从运行状态转为就绪状态

(4)代码展示

package com.shallow.多线程;

public class ThreadYield_06 implements Runnable{

    public static void main(String[] args) {
        ThreadYield_06 threadYield = new ThreadYield_06();

        new Thread(threadYield, "李白").start();
        new Thread(threadYield, "李清照").start();
    }

    @Override
    public void run() {
        System.out.println(Thread.currentThread().getName() + "线程开始");
        Thread.yield(); // 线程礼让方法
        System.out.println(Thread.currentThread().getName() + "线程结束");
    }
}

// 打印情况1:礼让成功
李清照线程开始
李白线程开始
李清照线程结束
李白线程结束
// 礼让不成功
李白线程开始
李白线程结束
李清照线程开始
李清照线程结束

3.5 合并线程(插队)

(1)顾名思义插队就是有些线程它需要优先去执行

(2)代码展示

package com.shallow.多线程;

public class ThreadJoin_07 implements Runnable {
    @Override
    public void run() {
        for (int i = 0; i < 1000; i++) {
            System.out.println("vip插队" + i);

        }
    }

    public static void main(String[] args) {
        ThreadJoin_07 threadJoin = new ThreadJoin_07();

        Thread thread = new Thread(threadJoin);
        thread.start();

        for (int i = 0; i < 500; i++) {
            if (i == 150) { // 当i= 150 时,开始插队,插队线程执行完另一个才会继续
                try {
                    thread.join(); // 插队方法
                } catch (InterruptedException e) {
                    e.printStackTrace();
                }
            }

            System.out.println("main" + i);
        }
    }
}

// 打印
main149
vip插队64
vip插队65
vip插队66
vip插队67
....
vip插队997
vip插队998
vip插队999
main150
main151

3.6 观察状态

(1)代码展示

package com.shallow.多线程;

public class StateThread_08 {

    public static void main(String[] args) {
        Thread thread = new Thread( () -> {
            for (int i = 0; i < 5; i++) {
                try {
                    Thread.sleep(1000);
                } catch (InterruptedException e) {
                    e.printStackTrace();
                }
            }

            System.out.println(">>>>>>>>>>>>>");
        });

        // 观察状态
        Thread.State state = thread.getState();
        System.out.println(state); // NEW 尚未启动的线程处于此状态。

        // 观察启动后
        thread.start(); // 启动线程
        state = thread.getState();
        System.out.println(state); // RUNNABLE 在Java虚拟机中执行的线程处于此状态。

        while (state != Thread.State.TERMINATED) { // 只要线程不终止,就一直输出
            try {
                Thread.sleep(100);
                state = thread.getState(); // 更新线程状态
                System.out.println(state);
            } catch (InterruptedException e) {
                e.printStackTrace();

            }
        }
    }
}

4 线程优先级

4.1 线程优先级

(1)优先级一共分为1-10 越大级别越高 默认情况下为5

(2)最重要的一点,并不是一定高的就执行快。线程的优先级和执行顺序无关
(3)代码展示

package com.shallow.多线程;

public class ThreadPriority implements Runnable{
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        System.out.println(Thread.currentThread().getName() +
                "--->" + Thread.currentThread().getPriority());

        ThreadPriority threadPriority = new ThreadPriority();

        Thread thread1 = new Thread(threadPriority);
        Thread thread2 = new Thread(threadPriority);
        Thread thread3 = new Thread(threadPriority);
        Thread thread4 = new Thread(threadPriority);
        Thread thread5 = new Thread(threadPriority);
        Thread thread6 = new Thread(threadPriority);

        // 设置优先级
        thread1.start();

        thread2.setPriority(5);
        thread2.start();

        thread3.setPriority(9);
        thread3.start();

        thread4.setPriority(10);
        thread4.start();

        thread5.setPriority(2);
        thread5.start();

        thread6.setPriority(3);
        thread6.start();



    }

    @Override
    public void run() {
        System.out.println(Thread.currentThread().getName() +
                "--->" + Thread.currentThread().getPriority());

    }
}

// 打印
main--->5
Thread-0--->5
Thread-2--->9
Thread-1--->5
Thread-3--->10
Thread-5--->3
Thread-4--->2

由此可以看出10级并没有第一个执行完

5 守护(daemon)线程

5.1 守护(daemon)线程

(1)线程分为用户线程和守护线程

(2)守护线程要在thread.start()之前设置

(3)主线程结束,守护线程自动销毁

(4)代码展示

package com.shallow.多线程;

public class DaemonTest implements Runnable {

    @Override
    public void run() {
        while (true) {
            System.out.println("守护线程守护着你!!!");

        }
    }

    public static void main(String[] args) {
        DaemonTest daemonTest = new DaemonTest();
        You you = new You();

        Thread thread = new Thread(daemonTest);
        thread.setDaemon(true);  // 默认为false,即正常线程
        thread.start(); // 守护线程启动

        new Thread(you).start();

    }
}

class You implements Runnable {

    @Override
    public void run() {
        for (int i = 0; i < 365; i++) {
            System.out.println(i + ":<<<<<<<<<<活着!!!>>>>>>>>>>>");

        }
        System.out.println("<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<Good By>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>");
    }
}

6 线程同步

6.1 买票问题

(1)代码展示

package com.shallow.多线程;

// 买票问题
public class ThreadSynchronization1 implements Runnable{

    private int count = 15;
    boolean flag = true;

    public static void main(String[] args) {
        ThreadSynchronization1 ts = new ThreadSynchronization1();

        new Thread(ts, "李白").start();
        new Thread(ts, "李清照").start();
        new Thread(ts, "纳兰性德").start();
    }

    @Override
    public void run() {
        while (flag) {
            buy();

        }
    }

    // synchronized同步方法 锁的是this
    public synchronized void buy() {
        if (count <= 0) {
            flag = false;
            return;
        }

        // 模拟延时
        try {
            Thread.sleep(500);
        } catch (InterruptedException e) {
            e.printStackTrace();
        }

        System.out.println(Thread.currentThread().getName() + "买到了" + count--);
    }
}
// 打印
李白买到了10
李白买到了9
李白买到了8
李白买到了7
李白买到了6
李白买到了5
李白买到了4
李白买到了3
李白买到了2
李白买到了1

6.2 银行取钱问题

(1)代码展示

package com.shallow.多线程;

public class ThreadSynchronization2{
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        // 创建转户
        Account account = new Account(1500, 201437);

        Bank bank = new Bank(account, 1450, "李白");
        Bank bank1 = new Bank(account, 250, "李清照");

        bank.start();
        bank1.start();

    }
}

// 转户类
class Account {
    public int money;
    public int id;

    public Account(int money, int id) {
        this.money = money;
        this.id = id;

    }
}

// 银行:模拟取款
class Bank extends Thread {

    public Account account; // 转户
    public int subMoney; // 取多少钱
    public int newMoney; // 现在手里多少钱

    public Bank(Account account, int subMoney, String name) {
        super(name);
        this.account = account;
        this.subMoney = subMoney;

    }
    // 取钱
    @Override
    public void run() {
        /** synchronized默认锁的是this,也就是当前对象
         *  所以使用同步块指定锁的对象
         *  锁的对象是变化的量,即增删改的对象
         */
        synchronized (account) {
            // 先判断转户还有没有钱
            if (account.money - subMoney <= 0) {
                System.out.println(this.getName() + "钱不够了,取不了");
                return;

            }
            // 延迟
            try {
                Thread.sleep(1000);
            } catch (InterruptedException e) {
                e.printStackTrace();
            }
            // 余额
            account.money -= subMoney;
            // 手里现在的钱
            newMoney += subMoney;
            System.out.println(account.id + "的余额为" + account.money);
            System.out.println(this.getName() + "手里的钱有" + newMoney);
        }

    }
}
// 
201437的余额为50
李白手里的钱有1450
李清照钱不够了,取不了

6.3 List集合问题

(1)代码展示

package com.shallow.多线程;

import java.util.ArrayList;
import java.util.List;

public class ThreadSynchronization3 {
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        List<String> list = new ArrayList<>();

        for (int i = 0; i < 10000; i++) {
            new Thread(() -> {
                synchronized (list){
                    list.add(Thread.currentThread().getName());
                }
            }).start();
        }

        try {
            Thread.sleep(3000);
        } catch (InterruptedException e) {
            e.printStackTrace();
        }
        System.out.println(list.size());
    }
}

// 
10000

7 死锁

7.1 什么是死锁

(1)多个线程互相抱着对方的需要资源,然后形成僵持

7.2 产生死锁的必要条件

(1)互斥条件:一个资源每次只能被一个进程使用

(2)请求与保持条件:一个进程因请求资源而阻塞时,对已获得的资源保持不放

(3)③不剥夺条件:进程以获得的资源,在未使用完之前,不能强行剥夺

(4)④循环等待条件:若干进程之间形成一种头尾相接的循环等待资源关系

PS:根据上面的四个死锁必要条件,我们可以想办法避免死锁
(5)代码展示

package com.shallow.多线程;

public class DeadLockTest {
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        Makeup makeup = new Makeup(0, "李白");
        Makeup makeup1 = new Makeup(1, "李清照");

        makeup.start();
        makeup1.start();
    }
}

class Lipstick {

}

class Mirror {

}

class Makeup extends Thread {

    // 需要的资源
    static Lipstick lipstick = new Lipstick();
    static Mirror mirror = new Mirror();
    // 选择
    int choice;
    // 使用的人
    String name;

    Makeup(int choice, String name) {
        this.choice = choice;
        this.name = name;

    }

    @Override
    public void run() {
        // 使用
        try {
            makeup();
        } catch (InterruptedException e) {
            e.printStackTrace();
        }

    }

    // makeup方法
    public void makeup() throws InterruptedException {
        if (choice == 0) {
            synchronized (lipstick) {
                System.out.println(this.name + "获得lipstick的锁");
                Thread.sleep(1000);
            }
            synchronized (mirror) {
                System.out.println(this.name + "获得mirror的锁");
            }
        } else {
            synchronized (mirror) {
                System.out.println(this.name + "获得mirror的锁");
                Thread.sleep(2000);

            }
            synchronized (lipstick) {
                System.out.println(this.name + "获得lipstick的锁");
            }

        }
    }
}

//
李白获得lipstick的锁
李清照获得mirror的锁
李清照获得lipstick的锁
李白获得mirror的锁

8 lock锁

8.1 lock与synchronized对比

(1)lock是显示锁(手动开启锁和关闭锁)synchronized是隐式锁,出来作用域自动关闭

(2)lock只有代码块锁,synchronized有方法锁和代码块锁

(3)使用lock锁。Jvm将花费更少的时间来调度线程,性能更好,并且具有更好的扩展性

(4)优先使用顺序:Lock > 同步代码块>同步方法

(5)代码展示

package com.shallow.多线程;

import java.util.concurrent.locks.ReentrantLock;

public class LockTest_14 implements Runnable{
    private int count = 5;
    boolean flag = true;
    private ReentrantLock lock = new ReentrantLock();

    public static void main(String[] args) {
        LockTest_14 lockTest = new LockTest_14();

        new Thread(lockTest, "李白").start();
        new Thread(lockTest, "李清照").start();
        new Thread(lockTest, "纳兰性德").start();
    }

    @Override
    public void run() {
        while (true) {
            try {
                // 加锁
                lock.lock();
                if (count > 0) {
                    try {
                        Thread.sleep(300);
                    } catch (InterruptedException e) {
                        e.printStackTrace();
                    }
                    System.out.println(count--);
                }
                else {
                    break;

                }
            }finally {
                // 解锁
                lock.unlock();
            }



        }
    }

}
//
5
4
3
2
1

9 线程协作

9.1 管程法

(1)代码展示

package com.shallow.多线程;

public class Cooperation1 {

    public static void main(String[] args) {
        Buffer buffer = new Buffer();

        new Production(buffer).start();
        new Consumption(buffer).start();
    }
}

// 生产者
class Production extends Thread {
    Buffer buffer;

    public Production(Buffer buffer) {
        this.buffer = buffer;

    }

    // 生产

    @Override
    public void run() {
        for (int i = 0; i < 100; i++) {
            buffer.push(new Product(i));
            System.out.println("生产了第" + i + "个产品");

        }
    }
}

// 消费者
class Consumption extends Thread {
    Buffer buffer;

    public Consumption(Buffer buffer) {
        this.buffer = buffer;

    }
    // 消费
    @Override
    public void run() {
        for (int i = 0; i < 100; i++) {
            System.out.println("消费了第" + buffer.pop().id + "个产品");

        }
    }
}

// 产品
class Product {
    int id;

    public Product(int id) {
        this.id = id;
    }
}

// 缓冲区
class Buffer {
    // 需要一个容器大小
    Product[] products = new Product[10];
    // 计数
    int count = 0;

    // 生产者放入产品方法
    public synchronized void push(Product p) {
        // 判断 如果产品满了
        if (count == products.length) {
            // 通知消费者来消费
            try {
                this.wait();
            } catch (InterruptedException e) {
                e.printStackTrace();

            }
        }

        // 如果没有满
        products[count] = p;
        count++;

        // 通知消费者消费
        this.notifyAll();

    }

    // 消费者方法
    public synchronized Product pop() {
        // 判断消费者能否消费
        if (count == 0) {
            // 等待生产者生产
            try {
                this.wait();
            } catch (InterruptedException e) {
                e.printStackTrace();
            }
        }

        // 如果可以消费
        count--;
        Product product = products[count];

        // 消费完了,通知生产
        this.notifyAll();
        return product;
    }
}

9.2 信号灯法

(1)代码展示

package com.shallow.多线程;

public class Cooperation2_16 {
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        TaoBao taoBao = new TaoBao();

        new Production1(taoBao).start();
        new Consumption1(taoBao).start();
    }
}

class Production1 extends Thread {
    TaoBao taoBao;

    public Production1(TaoBao taoBao) {
        this.taoBao = taoBao;
    }

    @Override
    public void run() {
        for (int i = 0; i < 20; i++) {
            this.taoBao.push(i);

        }

    }
}

class Consumption1 extends Thread {
    TaoBao taoBao;

    public Consumption1(TaoBao taoBao) {
        this.taoBao = taoBao;
    }

    @Override
    public void run() {
        for (int i = 0; i < 20; i++) {
            this.taoBao.buy();

        }
    }
}

class TaoBao {
    int id;
    boolean flag = true; // 标志位

    // 生产
    public synchronized void push(int id) {
        if (!flag) {
            try {
                this.wait();
            } catch (InterruptedException e) {
                e.printStackTrace();

            }
        }
        System.out.println("生产了第" + id + "件物品");
        this.notifyAll(); // 通知消费者购买
        this.id = id;
        this.flag = !this.flag;
    }

    // 消费
    public synchronized void buy() {
        if (flag) {
            try {
                this.wait();
            } catch (InterruptedException e) {
                e.printStackTrace();

            }
        }
        System.out.println("用户购买了第" + this.id + "件物品");
        // 通知生产
        this.notifyAll();
        this.flag = !this.flag;
    }
}

10 线程池

10.1 线程池

(1)代码展示

package com.shallow.多线程;

import java.util.concurrent.ExecutorService;
import java.util.concurrent.Executors;

public class ThreadPool implements Runnable{

    public static void main(String[] args) {
        // 创建服务线程池(参数即为线程池大小)
        ExecutorService executorService = Executors.newFixedThreadPool(4);

        executorService.execute(new ThreadPool());
        executorService.execute(new ThreadPool());
        executorService.execute(new ThreadPool());
        executorService.execute(new ThreadPool());

        // 关闭线程池
        executorService.shutdown();
    }
    @Override
    public void run() {
        System.out.println(Thread.currentThread().getName());
    }
}

PS:到这里结束,希望各位大佬能指点一二

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