mysql基础

1. 关系型数据库介绍

1.1 数据结构模型

数据结构模型主要有：

• 层次模型
• 网状模型
• 关系模型

关系模型：
二维关系： row（行），colum（列）
注：在数据库中行叫记录，列叫字段

数据库管理系统： DBMS（DataBase Managment System）
关系型： RDBMS（Relational DataBase Management System）是一台装了数据库软件的主机

1.2 RDBMS专业名词

常见的关系型数据库管理系统：
mysql 5.7 免费/ mariadb 10.0
mysql 8.0
MySQL：MySQL，MariaDB，Percona-Server
PostgreSQL：简称pgsql
Oracle 收费
mongodb
sqlite
MSSQL MicroSoft 图形化数据库

SQL：Structure Query Language，结构化查询语言

索引：将表中的一个或多个字段中的数据复制一份另存，并且这些数据需要按特定次序排序存储

1.3 关系型数据库的常见组件

关系型数据库的常见组件有：

• 数据库：database
• 表：table，由行（row）和列（column）组成
• 索引：index
• 视图：view
• 用户：user
• 权限：privilege
• 存储过程：procedure
• 存储函数：function
• 触发器：trigger
• 事假调度器：event scheduler
  注：做运维只会用到数据库、表、用户、权限

1.4 SQL语句

SQL语句有三种类型：

• DDL：Data Defination Language，数据定义语言 （结构）
• DML：Data ManipulationLanguage，数据操纵语言 （数据）
• DCL：Data Control Language，数据控制语言

SQL语句类型	对应操作
DDL	CREATE：创建 DROP：删除 ALTER：修改
DML	INSERT：向表中插入数据 DELETE：删除表中数据 UPDATE：更新表中数据 SELECT：查询表中数据
DCL	GRANT：授权 REVOKE：移除授权

2. mysql安装与配置

2.1 mysql安装

mysql安装方式有三种：

• 源代码：编译安装
• 二进制格式的程序包：展开至特定路径，并经过简单配置后即可使用
• 程序包管理器管理的程序包：

rpm：有两种
OS Vendor：操作系统发行商提供的
项目官方提供的
deb

[root@localhost ~]# yum -y install mariadb mariadb-server

2.2 mysql配置

[root@localhost ~]# systemctl enable --now mariadb   //开机自启
[root@localhost ~]# ss -antl   //确保3306端口已经监听起来
[root@localhost ~]# mysql   //进入数据库
Welcome to the MariaDB monitor.  Commands end with ; or \g.
Your MariaDB connection id is 8
Server version: 10.3.17-MariaDB MariaDB Server

Copyright (c) 2000, 2018, Oracle, MariaDB Corporation Ab and others.

Type 'help;' or '\h' for help. Type '\c' to clear the current input statement.

MariaDB [(none)]> set password = password("1");   //给数据库设置密码
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.000 sec)

MariaDB [(none)]> quit
Bye

3. mysql的程序组成

客户端

• mysql：CLI交互式客户端程序
• mysql_secure_installation：安全初始化，强烈建议安装完以后执行此命令
• mysqldump：mysql备份工具
• mysqladmin
• navicat ：商业的，收费的支持中英文（图形化）
• workbench：开源的，免费的，英文的（图形化）

服务器端

• mysqld

3.1 mysql工具使用

//语法：mysql [OPTIONS] [database]
//常用的OPTIONS：
    -uUSERNAME      //指定用户名，默认为root
    -hHOST          //指定服务器主机，默认为localhost，推荐使用ip地址
    -pPASSWORD      //指定用户的密码
    -P#             //指定数据库监听的端口，这里的#需用实际的端口号代替，如-P3307
    -V              //查看当前使用的mysql版本
    -e          //不登录mysql执行sql语句后退出，常用于脚本
[root@localhost ~]# mysql -uroot -p1   
Welcome to the MariaDB monitor.  Commands end with ; or \g.
Your MariaDB connection id is 10
Server version: 10.3.17-MariaDB MariaDB Server

Copyright (c) 2000, 2018, Oracle, MariaDB Corporation Ab and others.

Type 'help;' or '\h' for help. Type '\c' to clear the current input statement.

[root@localhost ~]# mysql -V
mysql  Ver 15.1 Distrib 10.3.17-MariaDB, for Linux (x86_64) using readline 5.1

[root@localhost ~]# mysql -uroot -p1 -e 'show databases;'
+--------------------+
| Database           |
+--------------------+
| information_schema |
| mysql              |
| performance_schema |
+--------------------+

3.2 服务器监听的两种socket地址

socket类型	说明
ip socket	默认监听在tcp的3306端口，支持远程通信
unix sock	监听在sock文件上（/tmp/mysql.sock，/var/lib/mysql/mysql.sock） 仅支持本地通信 server地址只能是：localhost，127.0.0.1

4. mysql数据库操作

4.1 DDL操作

4.1.1 数据库操作

//创建数据库
//语法：CREATE DATABASE [IF NOT EXISTS] 'DB_NAME';
//创建数据库wjj
mysql> create databases wjj;
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec)
//查看当前实例有哪些数据库
mysql> show databases;
+--------------------+
| Database           |
+--------------------+
| information_schema |
| mysql              |
| performance_schema |
| sys                |
| wjj                |
+--------------------+
5 rows in set (0.00 sec)

//删除数据库
//语法：DROP DATABASE [IF EXISTS] 'DB_NAME';
//删除数据库wangqingge
mysql> drop database wjj;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)
mysql> show databases;
+--------------------+
| Database           |
+--------------------+
| information_schema |
| mysql              |
| performance_schema |
| sys                |
+--------------------+
4 rows in set (0.00 sec)

4.1.2 表操作

//创建表
//语法：CREATE TABLE table_name (col1 datatype 修饰符,col2 datatype 修饰符) ENGINE='存储引擎类型';
//在数据库wjj里创建表wjj
mysql> create database wjj;      //创建数据库wjj
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec)

mysql> use wjj;      //进入wjj数据库
Database changed
mysql> create table wjj (id int not null,name varchar(100) not null,age tinyint);      //创建wjj表
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.09 sec)

//查看当前数据库有哪些表
mysql> show databases;
+----------------------+
| Tables_in_wjj        |
+----------------------+
| wjj                  |
+----------------------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)

//删除表
//语法：DROP TABLE [ IF EXISTS ] 'table_name';
//删除表wjj
mysql> drop table wjj;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.01 sec)

mysql> show table;
Empty set (0.00 sec)

4.1.3 用户操作

mysql用户帐号由两部分组成，如’USERNAME’@‘HOST’，表示此USERNAME只能从此HOST上远程登录

这里（‘USERNAME’@‘HOST’）的HOST用于限制此用户可通过哪些主机远程连接mysql程序，其值可为：

IP地址，如：172.16.12.129
通配符
%：匹配任意长度的任意字符，常用于设置允许从任何主机登录
_：匹配任意单个字符

//数据库用户创建
//语法：CREATE USER 'username'@'host' [IDENTIFIED BY 'password'];
//创建数据库用户wjj
mysql> create user 'wjj'@'127.0.0.1' identified by 'wjj123!';
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)

//使用新创建的用户和密码登录
[root@localhost ~]# mysql -uwjj -pwjj123! -h127.0.0.1

//删除数据库用户
//语法：DROP USER 'username'@'host'; 
mysql> drop user 'wjj'@'127.0.0.1';
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)

4.1.4 查看命令SHOW

mysql> show character set;      //查看支持的所有字符集

mysql> show engines;        //查看当前数据库支持的所有存储引擎

mysql> show databses;          //查看数据库信息

mysql> show tables from wjj;         //不进入某数据库而列出其包含的所有表

//查看表结构
//语法：DESC [db_name.]table_name;
mysql> desc wjj.wjj;

//查看某表的创建命令
//语法：SHOW CREATE TABLE table_name;
mysql> show create table wjj.wjj;

//查看某表的状态
//语法：SHOW TABLE STATUS LIKE 'table_name'\G
mysql> use wjj;      //进入数据库wjj
Database changed
mysql> show table status like 'wjj'\G      //查看wjj表的状态

4.1.5 获取帮助

//获取命令使用帮助
//语法：HELP keyword;
mysql> help create table;       //获取创建表的帮助

4.2 DML操作

DML操作包括增(INSERT)、删(DELETE)、改(UPDATE)、查(SELECT)，均属针对表的操作。

4.2.1 INSERT语句

//DML操作之增操作insert
//语法：INSERT [INTO] table_name [(column_name,...)] {VALUES | VALUE} (value1,...),(...),...

mysql> use wjj;
Database changed
mysql> insert into wjj (id,name,age) value (1,'tom',20);       //一次插入一条记录
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.01 sec)


mysql> insert into wjj (id,name,age) values (2,'jerry',23),(3,'wangqing',25),(4,'sean',28),(5,'zhangshan',26),(6,'zhangshan',20),(7,'lisi',null);     //一次插入多条记录
Query OK, 4 rows affected (0.01 sec)
Records: 4  Duplicates: 0  Warnings: 0

4.2.2 SELECT语句

字段column表示法

表示符	代表什么？
*	所有字段
as	字段别名，如col1 AS alias1当表名很长时用别名代替

条件判断语句WHERE

操作类型	常用操作符
操作符	>，<，>=，<=，=，!= BETWEEN column# AND column# LIKE：模糊匹配 RLIKE：基于正则表达式进行模式匹配 IS NOT NULL：非空 IS NULL：空
条件逻辑操作	AND OR NOT

ORDER BY：排序，默认为升序（ASC）

ORDER BY语句	意义
ORDER BY ‘column_name’	根据column_name进行升序排序
ORDER BY ‘column_name’ DESC	根据column_name进行降序排序
ORDER BY ’column_name’ LIMIT 2	根据column_name进行升序排序并只取前2个结果
ORDER BY ‘column_name’ LIMIT 1,2	根据column_name进行升序排序 并且略过第1个结果取后面的2个结果

//DML操作之查操作select
//语法：SELECT column1,column2,... FROM table_name [WHERE clause] [ORDER BY 'column_name' [DESC]] [LIMIT [m,]n];

mysql> use wjj;
Database changed
mysql> select * from wjj;
+----+-----------+------+
| id | name      | age  |
+----+-----------+------+
|  1 | tom       |   20 |
|  2 | jerry     |   23 |
|  3 | wangqing  |   25 |
|  4 | sean      |   28 |
|  5 | zhangshan |   26 |
|  6 | zhangshan |   20 |
|  7 | lisi      | NULL |
+----+-----------+------+
7 rows in set (0.00 sec)

mysql> select name from wjj;
+-----------+
| name      |
+-----------+
| tom       |
| jerry     |
| wangqing  |
| sean      |
| zhangshan |
| zhangshan |
| lisi      |
+-----------+
7 rows in set (0.01 sec)

mysql> select * from wjj order by age;
+----+-----------+------+
| id | name      | age  |
+----+-----------+------+
|  7 | lisi      | NULL |
|  1 | tom       |   20 |
|  6 | zhangshan |   20 |
|  2 | jerry     |   23 |
|  3 | wangqing  |   25 |
|  5 | zhangshan |   26 |
|  4 | sean      |   28 |
+----+-----------+------+
7 rows in set (0.00 sec)

mysql> select * from wjj order by age desc;
+----+-----------+------+
| id | name      | age  |
+----+-----------+------+
|  4 | sean      |   28 |
|  5 | zhangshan |   26 |
|  3 | wangqing  |   25 |
|  2 | jerry     |   23 |
|  1 | tom       |   20 |
|  6 | zhangshan |   20 |
|  7 | lisi      | NULL |
+----+-----------+------+
7 rows in set (0.00 sec)

mysql> select * from wjj order by age limit 2;
+----+------+------+
| id | name | age  |
+----+------+------+
|  7 | lisi | NULL |
|  1 | tom  |   20 |
+----+------+------+
2 rows in set (0.00 sec)

mysql> select * from wjj order by age limit 1,2;
+----+-----------+------+
| id | name      | age  |
+----+-----------+------+
|  1 | tom       |   20 |
|  6 | zhangshan |   20 |
+----+-----------+------+
2 rows in set (0.00 sec)


mysql> select * from wjj where age >= 25;
+----+-----------+------+
| id | name      | age  |
+----+-----------+------+
|  3 | wangqing  |   25 |
|  4 | sean      |   28 |
|  5 | zhangshan |   26 |
+----+-----------+------+
3 rows in set (0.00 sec)

mysql> select * from wjj where age >= 25 and name = 'zhangshan';
+----+-----------+------+
| id | name      | age  |
+----+-----------+------+
|  5 | zhangshan |   26 |
+----+-----------+------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)

mysql> select * from wjj where age between 23 and 28;
+----+-----------+------+
| id | name      | age  |
+----+-----------+------+
|  2 | jerry     |   23 |
|  3 | wangqing  |   25 |
|  4 | sean      |   28 |
|  5 | zhangshan |   26 |
+----+-----------+------+
4 rows in set (0.00 sec)

mysql> select * from wjj where age is not null;
+----+-----------+------+
| id | name      | age  |
+----+-----------+------+
|  1 | tom       |   20 |
|  2 | jerry     |   23 |
|  3 | wangqing  |   25 |
|  4 | sean      |   28 |
|  5 | zhangshan |   26 |
|  6 | zhangshan |   20 |
+----+-----------+------+
6 rows in set (0.00 sec)

mysql> select * from wjj where age is null;
+----+------+------+
| id | name | age  |
+----+------+------+
|  7 | lisi | NULL |
+----+------+------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)

4.2.3 update语句

//DML操作之改操作update
//语法：UPDATE table_name SET column1 = new_value1[,column2 = new_value2,...] [WHERE clause] [ORDER BY 'column_name' [DESC]] [LIMIT [m,]n];

mysql> select * from wjj;
+----+-----------+------+
| id | name      | age  |
+----+-----------+------+
|  1 | tom       |   20 |
|  2 | jerry     |   23 |
|  3 | wangqing  |   25 |
|  4 | sean      |   28 |
|  5 | zhangshan |   26 |
|  6 | zhangshan |   20 |
|  7 | lisi      | NULL |
+----+-----------+------+
7 rows in set (0.00 sec)

mysql> update wjj set age = 30 where name = 'lisi';
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec)
Rows matched: 1  Changed: 1  Warnings: 0

mysql> select * from wjj where name = 'lisi';
+----+------+------+
| id | name | age  |
+----+------+------+
|  7 | lisi |   30 |
+----+------+------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)

4.2.4 delete语句

//DML操作之删操作delete
//语法：DELETE FROM table_name [WHERE clause] [ORDER BY 'column_name' [DESC]] [LIMIT [m,]n];

mysql> select * from wjj;
+----+-----------+------+
| id | name      | age  |
+----+-----------+------+
|  1 | tom       |   20 |
|  2 | jerry     |   23 |
|  3 | wangqing  |   25 |
|  4 | sean      |   28 |
|  5 | zhangshan |   26 |
|  6 | zhangshan |   20 |
|  7 | lisi      |   30 |
+----+-----------+------+
7 rows in set (0.00 sec)

mysql> delete from wjj where id = 7;       //删除某条记录
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec)

mysql> select * from wjj;
+----+-----------+------+
| id | name      | age  |
+----+-----------+------+
|  1 | tom       |   20 |
|  2 | jerry     |   23 |
|  3 | wangqing  |   25 |
|  4 | sean      |   28 |
|  5 | zhangshan |   26 |
|  6 | zhangshan |   20 |
+----+-----------+------+
6 rows in set (0.00 sec)


mysql> delete from wjj;        //删除整张表的内容
Query OK, 6 rows affected (0.00 sec)

mysql> select * from wjj;
Empty set (0.00 sec)

mysql> desc wjj;
+-------+--------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| Field | Type         | Null | Key | Default | Extra |
+-------+--------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| id    | int(11)      | NO   |     | NULL    |       |
| name  | varchar(100) | NO   |     | NULL    |       |
| age   | tinyint(4)   | YES  |     | NULL    |       |
+-------+--------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
3 rows in set (0.00 sec)

4.2.5 truncate语句

truncate与delete的区别：

语句类型	特点
delete	DELETE删除表内容时仅删除内容，但会保留表结构 DELETE语句每次删除一行，并在事务日志中为所删除的每行记录一项 可以通过回滚事务日志恢复数据 非常占用空间
truncate	删除表中所有数据，且无法恢复 表结构、约束和索引等保持不变，新添加的行计数值重置为初始值 执行速度比DELETE快，且使用的系统和事务日志资源少 通过释放存储表数据所用的数据页来删除数据，并且只在事务日志中记录页的释放 对于有外键约束引用的表，不能使用TRUNCATE TABLE删除数据 不能用于加入了索引视图的表

//语法：TRUNCATE table_name;

mysql> select * from wjj;
+----+-----------+------+
| id | name      | age  |
+----+-----------+------+
|  1 | tom       |   20 |
|  2 | jerry     |   23 |
|  3 | wangqing  |   25 |
|  4 | sean      |   28 |
|  5 | zhangshan |   26 |
|  6 | zhangshan |   20 |
|  7 | lisi      | NULL |
+----+-----------+------+
7 rows in set (0.00 sec)

mysql> truncate wjj;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.01 sec)

mysql> select * from wjj;
Empty set (0.00 sec)

mysql> desc wjj;
+-------+--------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| Field | Type         | Null | Key | Default | Extra |
+-------+--------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| id    | int(11)      | NO   |     | NULL    |       |
| name  | varchar(100) | NO   |     | NULL    |       |
| age   | tinyint(4)   | YES  |     | NULL    |       |
+-------+--------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
3 rows in set (0.00 sec)

4.3 DCL操作

4.3.1 创建授权grant

权限类型(priv_type)

权限类型	代表什么？
ALL	所有权限
SELECT	读取内容的权限
INSERT	插入内容的权限
UPDATE	更新内容的权限
DELETE	删除内容的权限

指定要操作的对象db_name.table_name

表示方式	意义
.	所有库的所有表
db_name	指定库的所有表
db_name.table_name	指定库的指定表

WITH GRANT OPTION：被授权的用户可将自己的权限副本转赠给其他用户，说白点就是将自己的权限完全复制给另一个用户。不建议使用。

GRANT priv_type,... ON [object_type] db_name.table_name TO ‘username'@'host' [IDENTIFIED BY 'password'] [WITH GRANT OPTION];

mysql> show databases;
+--------------------+
| Database           |
+--------------------+
| information_schema |
| mysql              |
| performance_schema |
| sys                |
| wjj         |
+--------------------+
5 rows in set (0.00 sec)

//授权wjj用户在数据库本机上登录访问所有数据库
mysql> grant all on *.* to 'wjj'@'localhost' IDENTIFIED BY 'wjj123!';
Query OK, 0 rows affected, 1 warning (0.00 sec)

mysql> grant all on *.* to 'wjj'@'127.0.0.1' IDENTIFIED BY 'wjj123!';
Query OK, 0 rows affected, 1 warning (0.00 sec)

//授权wjj用户在192.168.47.130上远程登录访问wjj数据库
mysql> grant all on *.* to 'wjj'@'192.168.47.130' IDENTIFIED BY 'wjj123!';
Query OK, 0 rows affected, 1 warning (0.00 sec)

//授权wjj用户在所有位置上远程登录访问wjj数据库
mysql> grant all on *.* to 'wjj'@'%' IDENTIFIED BY 'wjj123!';
Query OK, 0 rows affected, 1 warning (0.00 sec)

4.3.2 查看授权

//查看当前登录用户的授权信息
mysql> show grants;
+---------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Grants for root@localhost                                           |
+---------------------------------------------------------------------+
| GRANT ALL PRIVILEGES ON *.* TO 'root'@'localhost' WITH GRANT OPTION |
| GRANT PROXY ON ''@'' TO 'root'@'localhost' WITH GRANT OPTION        |
+---------------------------------------------------------------------+
2 rows in set (0.00 sec)

//查看指定用户wjj的授权信息
mysql> show grants for wjj;
+-----------------------------------------------+
| Grants for wjj@%                              |
+-----------------------------------------------+
| GRANT ALL PRIVILEGES ON *.* TO 'wjj'@'%'      |
+-----------------------------------------------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)

mysql> show grants for 'wjj'@'localhost';
+-------------------------------------------------------+
| Grants for wjj@localhost                         |
+-------------------------------------------------------+
| GRANT ALL PRIVILEGES ON *.* TO 'wjj'@'localhost' |
+-------------------------------------------------------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)

mysql> show grants for 'wjj'@'127.0.0.1';
+-------------------------------------------------------+
| Grants for wjj@127.0.0.1                         |
+-------------------------------------------------------+
| GRANT ALL PRIVILEGES ON *.* TO 'wjj'@'127.0.0.1' |
+-------------------------------------------------------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)

4.3.3 取消授权REVOKE

//语法：REVOKE priv_type,... ON db_name.table_name FROM 'username'@'host';

mysql> revoke all on *.* from 'wjj'@'172.16.12.129';
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)

mysql> flush privileges;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)

注意：mysql服务进程启动时会读取mysql库中的所有授权表至内存中：

• GRANT或REVOKE等执行权限操作会保存于表中，mysql的服务进程会自动重读授权表，并更新至内存中
• 对于不能够或不能及时重读授权表的命令，可手动让mysql的服务进程重读授权表