文章目录
不定积分
三角函数本身
( tan x ) ′ (\tan x)^{\prime} (tanx)′ | sec 2 x \sec^{2} x sec2x |
---|---|
( sec x ) ′ \sec x)^{\prime} secx)′ | tan x ⋅ sec x \tan x \cdot \sec x tanx⋅secx |
( cot x ) ′ (\cot x)^{\prime} (cotx)′ | − csc 2 x -\csc^{2} x −csc2x |
( csc x ) ′ (\csc x)^{\prime} (cscx)′ | cot x ⋅ csc x \cot x \cdot \csc x cotx⋅cscx |
∫
sec
x
d
x
=
∫
sec
x
(
sec
x
+
tan
x
)
sec
x
+
tan
x
d
x
=
∫
d
(
tan
x
+
sec
x
)
sec
x
+
tan
x
=
ln
∣
sec
x
+
tan
x
∣
+
C
\int \sec x dx= \int \frac{\sec x (\sec x + \tan x)}{\sec x + \tan x} d x = \int \frac{d(\tan x + \sec x)}{\sec x + \tan x} = \ln |\sec x + \tan x| + C
∫secxdx=∫secx+tanxsecx(secx+tanx)dx=∫secx+tanxd(tanx+secx)=ln∣secx+tanx∣+C
∫
csc
x
d
x
=
∫
csc
x
(
csc
x
−
cot
x
)
csc
x
−
cot
x
d
x
=
∫
d
(
csc
x
−
cot
x
)
csc
x
−
cot
x
=
ln
∣
csc
x
−
cot
x
∣
+
C
=
∫
1
sin
x
d
x
=
∫
cos
x
2
sin
x
2
1
2
cos
2
x
2
d
x
=
∫
1
tan
x
2
d
tan
x
2
=
ln
∣
tan
x
2
∣
+
C
\int \csc x dx = \int \frac{\csc x (\csc x - \cot x)}{\csc x - \cot x} d x = \int \frac{d(\csc x - \cot x)}{\csc x - \cot x} = \ln |\csc x - \cot x| + C=\int \frac{1}{\sin x} dx = \int \frac{\cos \frac{x}{2}}{\sin \frac{x}{2}} \frac{1}{2 \cos ^{2} \frac{x}{2}} d x =\int \frac{1}{\tan \frac{x}{2}} d \tan \frac{x}{2} =\ln |\tan \frac{x}{2} |+C
∫cscxdx=∫cscx−cotxcscx(cscx−cotx)dx=∫cscx−cotxd(cscx−cotx)=ln∣cscx−cotx∣+C=∫sinx1dx=∫sin2xcos2x2cos22x1dx=∫tan2x1dtan2x=ln∣tan2x∣+C
( arctan x ) ′ (\arctan x)^{\prime} (arctanx)′ | 1 1 + x 2 \frac{1}{1+x^{2}} 1+x21 |
---|---|
( a r c cot x ) ′ (arc \cot x)^{\prime} (arccotx)′ | − 1 1 + x 2 -\frac{1}{1+x^{2}} −1+x21 |
( arcsin x ) ′ (\arcsin x)^{\prime} (arcsinx)′ | 1 1 − x 2 \frac{1}{\sqrt{1-x^{2}}} 1−x21 |
( arccos x ) ′ (\arccos x)^{\prime} (arccosx)′ | − 1 1 − x 2 -\frac{1}{\sqrt{1-x^{2}}} −1−x21 |
(导数公式证明:
(
arctan
x
)
′
=
1
tan
′
(
arctan
x
)
=
1
1
+
tan
2
(
arctan
x
)
=
1
1
+
x
2
(\arctan x)^{\prime}=\frac{1}{\tan^{\prime}(\arctan x)}=\frac{1}{1+\tan^{2}(\arctan x)}=\frac{1}{1+x^{2}}
(arctanx)′=tan′(arctanx)1=1+tan2(arctanx)1=1+x21 ,其他应用反函数求导公式,证明类似)
∫
a
a
2
+
x
2
d
x
=
arctan
x
a
+
C
\int \frac{a}{a^{2}+x^{2}} d x=\arctan \frac{x}{a}+C
∫a2+x2adx=arctanax+C
∫
1
a
2
−
x
2
d
x
=
arcsin
x
a
+
C
\int \frac{1}{\sqrt{a^{2}-x^{2}}} \mathrm{d} x=\arcsin \frac{x}{a}+C
∫a2−x21dx=arcsinax+C
由:
∫
d
x
x
2
−
a
2
⇒
x
=
a
sec
x
ln
∣
sec
t
+
tan
t
∣
+
C
=
ln
∣
sec
(
sec
−
1
(
x
/
a
)
)
+
tan
(
sec
−
1
(
x
/
a
)
)
∣
+
C
=
ln
∣
sec
(
sec
−
1
(
x
/
a
)
)
+
sec
(
sec
−
1
(
x
/
a
)
)
−
1
∣
+
C
=
ln
∣
x
+
x
2
−
a
2
∣
+
C
\int \frac{d x}{\sqrt{x^{2} - a^{2}}} \xRightarrow{x=a\sec x}\ln |\sec t + \tan t| + C = \ln |\sec (\sec^{-1} (x/a)) + \tan (\sec^{-1} (x/a))| + C = \ln |\sec (\sec^{-1} (x/a)) + \sqrt{\sec(\sec^{-1} (x/a))-1}| + C = \ln |x + \sqrt{x^{2} - a^{2}}| + C
∫x2−a2dxx=asecxln∣sect+tant∣+C=ln∣sec(sec−1(x/a))+tan(sec−1(x/a))∣+C=ln∣sec(sec−1(x/a))+sec(sec−1(x/a))−1∣+C=ln∣x+x2−a2∣+C
∫
d
x
x
2
+
a
2
⇒
x
=
a
tan
x
ln
∣
sec
x
+
tan
x
∣
+
C
=
ln
∣
sec
(
tan
−
1
(
x
/
a
)
)
+
tan
(
tan
−
1
(
x
/
a
)
)
∣
+
C
=
ln
∣
tan
(
tan
−
1
(
x
/
a
)
)
+
1
+
tan
(
tan
−
1
(
x
/
a
)
)
∣
+
C
=
ln
∣
x
+
x
2
+
a
2
∣
+
C
\int \frac{d x}{\sqrt{x^{2} + a^{2}}}\xRightarrow{x=a\tan x} \ln |\sec x + \tan x| + C = \ln |\sec(\tan^{-1} (x/a)) + \tan(\tan^{-1} (x/a))| + C = \ln |\sqrt{\tan(\tan^{-1} (x/a))+1} + \tan(\tan^{-1} (x/a))| + C = \ln |x + \sqrt{x^{2} + a^{2}}| + C
∫x2+a2dxx=atanxln∣secx+tanx∣+C=ln∣sec(tan−1(x/a))+tan(tan−1(x/a))∣+C=ln∣tan(tan−1(x/a))+1+tan(tan−1(x/a))∣+C=ln∣x+x2+a2∣+C
得:
∫
d
x
x
2
±
a
2
=
ln
∣
x
+
x
2
±
a
2
∣
+
C
\int \frac{d x}{\sqrt{x^{2} \pm a^{2}}}=\ln |x+\sqrt{x^{2} \pm a^{2}}|+C
∫x2±a2dx=ln∣x+x2±a2∣+C
含三角函数的不定积分
- ∫ 1 1 + sin θ d θ \int \frac{1}{1+\sin \theta d\theta} ∫1+sinθdθ1
解法一:
∫
1
1
+
sin
θ
d
θ
=
∫
1
−
sin
θ
cos
2
θ
d
θ
=
∫
1
cos
2
θ
d
θ
−
∫
sin
θ
cos
2
θ
d
θ
=
tan
θ
−
sec
θ
+
C
\begin{array}{l} \int \frac{1}{1+\sin \theta} d \theta \\ =\int \frac{1-\sin \theta}{\cos ^{2} \theta} d \theta \\ =\int \frac{1}{\cos ^{2} \theta} d \theta-\int \frac{\sin \theta}{\cos ^{2} \theta} d \theta \\ =\tan \theta-\sec \theta+C \end{array}
∫1+sinθ1dθ=∫cos2θ1−sinθdθ=∫cos2θ1dθ−∫cos2θsinθdθ=tanθ−secθ+C
解法二:
万能代换:
tan
x
2
=
t
,
sin
x
=
2
t
1
+
t
2
,
cos
x
=
1
−
t
2
1
+
t
2
,
d
x
=
2
1
+
t
2
d
t
\tan \frac{x}{2}=t, \sin x= \frac{2t}{1+t^{2}},\cos x = \frac{1-t^{2}}{1+t^{2}},dx=\frac{2}{1+t^{2}}dt
tan2x=t,sinx=1+t22t,cosx=1+t21−t2,dx=1+t22dt
∫
1
1
+
sin
x
d
x
=
∫
1
1
+
2
tan
x
2
1
+
tan
2
x
2
d
x
=
∫
sec
2
x
2
(
1
+
tan
x
2
)
2
d
x
=
∫
2
(
1
+
tan
x
2
)
2
d
tan
2
x
2
=
−
2
tan
x
2
\int \frac{1}{1+\sin x} dx=\int \frac{1}{1+\frac{2\tan\frac{x}{2}}{1+\tan^{2}\frac{x}{2}}}dx=\int \frac{\sec^{2}\frac{x}{2}}{(1+\tan \frac{x}{2})^{2}}dx=\int \frac{2}{(1+\tan\frac{x}{2})^{2}}d\tan^{2}\frac{x}{2}=-\frac{2}{\tan\frac{x}{2}}
∫1+sinx1dx=∫1+1+tan22x2tan2x1dx=∫(1+tan2x)2sec22xdx=∫(1+tan2x)22dtan22x=−tan2x2
解法三(和万能代换异曲同工):
∫
1
1
+
sin
x
d
x
=
∫
1
sin
2
x
2
+
cos
2
x
2
+
2
sin
x
2
cos
x
2
d
x
=
2
∫
sec
2
x
2
tan
2
x
2
+
2
tan
x
2
+
1
d
x
2
=
−
2
1
+
tan
x
2
+
C
=
2
1
+
cot
x
2
+
C
(
上
下
同
除
sin
2
x
)
\int \frac{1}{1+\sin x}dx=\int \frac{1}{\sin ^{2}\frac{x}{2}+\cos ^{2}\frac{x}{2}+2\sin \frac{x}{2}\cos \frac{x}{2}}dx=2\int \frac{\sec^{2}\frac{x}{2}}{\tan^{2}\frac{x}{2}+2\tan\frac{x}{2}+1}d\frac{x}{2}=-\frac{2}{1+\tan\frac{x}{2}}+C=\frac{2}{1+\cot\frac{x}{2}}+C(上下同除\sin ^{2}x)
∫1+sinx1dx=∫sin22x+cos22x+2sin2xcos2x1dx=2∫tan22x+2tan2x+1sec22xd2x=−1+tan2x2+C=1+cot2x2+C(上下同除sin2x)
- ∫ 1 ( 1 + sin x ) 2 d x \int \frac{1}{(1+\sin x)^{2}} dx ∫(1+sinx)21dx
∫ 1 ( 1 + sin x ) 2 d x = ∫ d x ( sin x 2 + cos x 2 ) 4 = 1 4 ∫ d x cos 4 ( x 2 − π 4 ) = 1 2 ∫ sec 2 ( x 2 − π 4 ) d tan ( x 2 − π 4 ) = 1 2 ∫ [ 1 + tan 2 ( x 2 − π 4 ) ] d tan ( x 2 − π 4 ) = 1 2 [ tan ( x 2 − π 4 ) + 1 3 tan 3 ( x 2 − π 4 ) ] \begin{array}{l} \int \frac{1}{(1+\sin x)^{2}} dx \\ =\int \frac{dx}{(\sin \frac{x}{2}+\cos \frac{x}{2})^{4}} \\ =\frac{1}{4} \int \frac{dx}{\cos ^{4}(\frac{x}{2}-\frac{\pi}{4})} \\ =\frac{1}{2}\int \sec^{2}(\frac{x}{2}-\frac{\pi}{4})d\tan(\frac{x}{2}-\frac{\pi}{4}) \\ =\frac{1}{2}\int [1+\tan^{2}(\frac{x}{2}-\frac{\pi}{4})]d\tan(\frac{x}{2}-\frac{\pi}{4}) \\ =\frac{1}{2}[\tan(\frac{x}{2}-\frac{\pi}{4})+\frac{1}{3}\tan^{3}(\frac{x}{2}-\frac{\pi}{4})] \end{array} ∫(1+sinx)21dx=∫(sin2x+cos2x)4dx=41∫cos4(2x−4π)dx=21∫sec2(2x−4π)dtan(2x−4π)=21∫[1+tan2(2x−4π)]dtan(2x−4π)=21[tan(2x−4π)+31tan3(2x−4π)]
定积分
常用公式
- Wallis 公式(“点火” 公式)
∫
0
π
2
sin
n
x
d
x
=
∫
0
π
2
cos
n
x
d
x
=
(
n
−
1
)
!
!
n
!
!
H
\int_{0}^{\frac{\pi}{2}}\sin^{n}xdx=\int_{0}^{\frac{\pi}{2}}\cos^{n}xdx=\frac{(n-1)!!}{n!!}H
∫02πsinnxdx=∫02πcosnxdx=n!!(n−1)!!H
n 为偶数,H 取 π/2,n 为奇数,H 取 1.
- 区间再现公式
∫
a
b
f
(
x
)
d
x
=
∫
a
b
f
(
a
+
b
−
x
)
d
x
\int_{a}^{b}f(x)dx=\int_{a}^{b}f(a+b-x)dx
∫abf(x)dx=∫abf(a+b−x)dx
适合处理包含三角函数的积分问题
- 三角函数积分常用公式
∫
0
π
2
f
(
sin
x
)
d
x
=
∫
0
π
2
f
(
cos
x
)
d
x
\int_{0}^{\frac{\pi}{2}}f(\sin x)dx=\int_{0}^{\frac{\pi}{2}}f(\cos x)dx
∫02πf(sinx)dx=∫02πf(cosx)dx
∫
0
π
x
f
(
sin
x
)
d
x
=
π
2
∫
0
π
f
(
sin
x
)
d
x
\int_{0}^{\pi}xf(\sin x)dx=\frac{\pi}{2}\int_{0}^{\pi}f(\sin x)dx
∫0πxf(sinx)dx=2π∫0πf(sinx)dx(易从区间再现公式推导)
旋转体体积计算
-
y 1 ( x ) , y 2 ( x ) , x = a , x = b ( y 2 ( x ) ≥ y 1 ( x ) ≥ 0 ) y_{1}(x), y_{2}(x), x=a, x=b(y_{2}(x)\ge y_{1}(x)\ge 0) y1(x),y2(x),x=a,x=b(y2(x)≥y1(x)≥0) 围成的区域绕 x 轴旋转一周的旋转体体积
V = π ∫ a b [ y 2 2 ( x ) − y 1 2 ( x ) ] d x , a < b V=\pi \int_{a}^{b}\left[y_{2}^{2}(x)-y_{1}^{2}(x)\right] \mathrm{d} x, a<b V=π∫ab[y22(x)−y12(x)]dx,a<b -
y 1 ( x ) , y 2 ( x ) , x = a , x = b ( y 2 ( x ) ≥ y 1 ( x ) b > a ≥ 0 ) y_{1}(x), y_{2}(x), x=a, x=b(y_{2}(x)\ge y_{1}(x) \quad b>a\ge 0) y1(x),y2(x),x=a,x=b(y2(x)≥y1(x)b>a≥0) 围成的区域绕 y 轴旋转一周的旋转体体积
V = 2 π ∫ a b x ( y 2 ( x ) − y 1 ( x ) ) d x V=2 \pi \int_{a}^{b} x\left(y_{2}(x)-y_{1}(x)\right) \mathrm{d} x V=2π∫abx(y2(x)−y1(x))dx
反常积分
高斯积分 ∫ − ∞ + ∞ e − x 2 d x = π \int_{-\infin}^{+\infin}e^{-x^{2}} d x=\sqrt{\pi} ∫−∞+∞e−x2dx=π
解法一(极坐标):
I
=
∫
−
∞
+
∞
e
−
x
2
d
x
=
2
∫
0
+
∞
e
−
x
2
d
x
=
2
A
I=\int \limits_{-\infin}^{+\infin}e^{-x^{2}} d x=2\int \limits_{0}^{+\infin}e^{-x^{2}} d x=2A
I=−∞∫+∞e−x2dx=20∫+∞e−x2dx=2A
A
2
=
∫
0
+
∞
e
−
x
2
d
x
⋅
∫
0
+
∞
e
−
y
2
d
y
=
∬
x
,
y
>
0
e
−
(
x
2
+
y
2
)
d
x
d
y
=
∫
0
π
2
d
θ
∫
0
+
∞
e
−
ρ
2
ρ
d
ρ
=
π
2
(
−
1
2
e
−
ρ
2
)
∣
0
+
∞
=
π
4
A^{2}=\int\limits_{0}^{+\infin}e^{-x^{2}}dx \cdot \int \limits _{0}^{+\infin}e^{-y^{2}}dy=\iint\limits_{x,y>0}e^{-(x^{2}+y^{2})}dxdy=\int\limits_{0}^{\frac{\pi}{2}}d\theta \int\limits_{0}^{+\infin}e^{-\rho^{2}}\rho d\rho = \frac{\pi}{2}(-\frac{1}{2}e^{-\rho^{2}})|_{0}^{+\infin}=\frac{\pi}{4}
A2=0∫+∞e−x2dx⋅0∫+∞e−y2dy=x,y>0∬e−(x2+y2)dxdy=0∫2πdθ0∫+∞e−ρ2ρdρ=2π(−21e−ρ2)∣0+∞=4π
I
=
π
I = \sqrt{\pi}
I=π
解法二(变量代换、凑微分):
Let
I
=
∫
−
∞
+
∞
e
−
x
2
d
x
=
2
∫
0
∞
e
−
x
2
d
x
I
2
=
4
(
∫
0
∞
e
−
x
2
d
x
)
(
∫
0
∞
e
−
y
2
d
y
)
=
4
∫
0
∞
∫
0
∞
e
−
(
x
2
+
y
2
)
d
x
d
y
=
4
∫
0
∞
∫
0
∞
e
−
x
2
(
1
+
y
2
/
x
2
)
d
x
d
y
,
{
y
/
x
=
u
d
y
=
x
d
u
=
4
∫
0
∞
∫
0
∞
e
−
x
2
(
1
+
u
2
)
x
d
x
d
u
=
(
4
)
(
−
1
2
)
∫
0
∞
1
1
+
u
2
d
u
∫
0
∞
e
−
x
2
(
1
+
u
2
)
d
(
−
x
2
(
1
+
u
2
)
)
=
−
2
∫
0
∞
1
1
+
u
2
(
e
−
x
2
(
1
+
u
2
)
)
0
∞
d
u
=
2
∫
0
∞
d
u
1
+
u
2
=
(
2
)
(
π
2
)
=
π
∵
I
>
0
∴
I
=
π
\begin{aligned} &\text {Let } I=\int_{-\infty}^{+\infty} e^{-x^{2}} d x=2 \int_{0}^{\infty} e^{-x^{2}} d x\\ &I^{2}=4\left(\int_{0}^{\infty} e^{-x^{2}} d x\right)\left(\int_{0}^{\infty} e^{-y^{2}} d y\right)\\ &=4 \int_{0}^{\infty} \int_{0}^{\infty} e^{-\left(x^{2}+y^{2}\right)} d x d y\\ &=4 \int_{0}^{\infty} \int_{0}^{\infty} e^{-x^{2}\left(1+y^{2} / x^{2}\right)} d x d y,\left\{\begin{array}{l} y / x=u \\ d y=x d u \end{array}\right.\\ &=4 \int_{0}^{\infty} \int_{0}^{\infty} e^{-x^{2}\left(1+u^{2}\right)} x d x d u\\ &=(4)\left(-\frac{1}{2}\right) \int_{0}^{\infty} \frac{1}{1+u^{2}} d u \int_{0}^{\infty} e^{-x^{2}\left(1+u^{2}\right)} d\left(-x^{2}\left(1+u^{2}\right)\right)\\ &=-2 \int_{0}^{\infty} \frac{1}{1+u^{2}}\left(e^{-x^{2}\left(1+u^{2}\right)}\right)_{0}^{\infty} d u\\ &=2 \int_{0}^{\infty} \frac{d u}{1+u^{2}}\\ &=(2)\left(\frac{\pi}{2}\right)\\ &=\pi\\ &\because I>0\\ &\therefore I=\sqrt{\pi} \end{aligned}
Let I=∫−∞+∞e−x2dx=2∫0∞e−x2dxI2=4(∫0∞e−x2dx)(∫0∞e−y2dy)=4∫0∞∫0∞e−(x2+y2)dxdy=4∫0∞∫0∞e−x2(1+y2/x2)dxdy,{y/x=udy=xdu=4∫0∞∫0∞e−x2(1+u2)xdxdu=(4)(−21)∫0∞1+u21du∫0∞e−x2(1+u2)d(−x2(1+u2))=−2∫0∞1+u21(e−x2(1+u2))0∞du=2∫0∞1+u2du=(2)(2π)=π∵I>0∴I=π
广义积分 ∫ − ∞ ∞ sin x x d x = π \int_{-\infin}^{\infin} \frac{\sin x}{x} dx=\pi ∫−∞∞xsinxdx=π
利用留数定理:
∫
−
∞
∞
sin
(
x
)
x
d
x
=
Im
(
∫
−
∞
∞
e
i
z
z
d
z
)
\int_{-\infty}^{\infty} \frac{\sin (x)}{x} d x=\operatorname{Im}\left(\int_{-\infty}^{\infty} \frac{e^{i z}}{z} d z\right)
∫−∞∞xsin(x)dx=Im(∫−∞∞zeizdz)
函数
x
i
z
z
\frac{x^{iz}}{z}
zxiz 只在实轴上有一个简单极点
z
=
0
z=0
z=0 ,故:
∫
−
∞
+
∞
e
i
z
z
d
z
=
2
π
i
{
0
+
1
2
R
e
s
[
e
i
z
z
,
0
]
}
=
π
i
lim
z
→
0
z
e
i
z
z
=
π
i
\int_{-\infin}^{+\infin}\frac{e^{iz}}{z}dz=2\pi i\{ 0+\frac{1}{2}Res[\frac{e^{iz}}{z}, 0] \}=\pi i \lim\limits_{z \to 0}z \frac{e^{iz}}{z}=\pi i
∫−∞+∞zeizdz=2πi{0+21Res[zeiz,0]}=πiz→0limzzeiz=πi,则:
∫
−
∞
∞
sin
x
x
d
x
=
π
\int_{-\infin}^{\infin} \frac{\sin x}{x} dx=\pi
∫−∞∞xsinxdx=π
敛散性判别
- 结论一:
∫ a + ∞ d x x ln p x { 收敛, 当 p > 1 发散, 当 p ⩽ 1 \int_{a}^{+\infty} \frac{d x}{x \ln ^{p} x}\left\{\begin{array}{ll} \text { 收敛,} & \text { 当 } p>1 \\ \text { 发散,} & \text { 当 } p \leqslant 1 \end{array}\right. ∫a+∞xlnpxdx{ 收敛, 发散, 当 p>1 当 p⩽1
- 结论二:
无穷区间
∫
1
+
∞
d
x
x
p
{
收敛,
当
p
>
1
发散,
当
p
⩽
1
\int_{1}^{+\infty} \frac{d x}{x^{p}}\left\{\begin{array}{ll} \text { 收敛,} & \text { 当 } p>1 \\ \text { 发散,} & \text { 当 } p \leqslant 1 \end{array}\right.
∫1+∞xpdx{ 收敛, 发散, 当 p>1 当 p⩽1
无界函数
∫
0
1
d
x
x
p
{
发散,
当
p
>
1
收敛,
当
p
⩽
1
\int_{0}^{1} \frac{d x}{x^{p}}\left\{\begin{array}{ll} \text { 发散,} & \text { 当 } p>1 \\ \text { 收敛,} & \text { 当 } p \leqslant 1 \end{array}\right.
∫01xpdx{ 发散, 收敛, 当 p>1 当 p⩽1