【Servlet】使用ServletContext进行共享数据、获取初始化参数、请求转发与读取资源文件

声明：本文是通过学习自B站的视频所写的笔记，便于今后回顾，视频地址：https://www.bilibili.com/video/BV12J411M7Sj?p=10

一、是ServletContext

Web容器在启动的时候，它会为每个Web程序都创建一个ServletContext对象，它代表了当前的Web应用

二、ServletContext的作用

1.共享数据

在这个Servlet中保存的数据，可在另一个Servlet中拿到

实例测试：

1）主要代码

用于存入Servlet上下文中数据的类：

public class HelloServlet extends HttpServlet {
    @Override
    protected void doGet(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse response) throws ServletException, IOException {
//        this.getInitParameter() 初始化参数
//        this.getServletConfig() Servlet配置
//        this.getServletContext() Servlet上下文
        /**
         * Web容器在启动的时候，它会为每个Web程序都创建一个ServletContext对象，
         * 它代表了当前的Web应用
         *
         * 作用：
         * 1.共享数据：在这个Servlet中保存的数据，可在另一个Servlet中拿到
         */
        ServletContext servletContext = this.getServletContext();

        String username = "zlc";
        //将一个数据属性及值保存在了Servlet上下文中
        servletContext.setAttribute("username", username);
    }

    @Override
    protected void doPost(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse resp) throws ServletException, IOException {
        super.doGet(req, resp);
    }
}

用于取出Servlet上下文中数据的类：

public class GetServlet extends HttpServlet {
    @Override
    protected void doGet(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse resp) throws ServletException, IOException {
        //在Servlet上下文（此Web应用中所有Servlet实现类都是一个Servlet上下文）中获取此属性值
        ServletContext servletContext = this.getServletContext();

        String username = (String) servletContext.getAttribute("username");

        resp.setContentType("text/html");
        resp.setCharacterEncoding("utf-8");
        resp.getWriter().print("名字：" + username);
    }

    @Override
    protected void doPost(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse resp) throws ServletException, IOException {
        doGet(req, resp);
    }
}

web.xml主要内容：

<servlet>
   <servlet-name>hello</servlet-name>
   <servlet-class>com.zlc.servlet.HelloServlet</servlet-class>
</servlet>

<servlet-mapping>
   <servlet-name>hello</servlet-name>
   <url-pattern>/h</url-pattern>
</servlet-mapping>


<servlet>
   <servlet-name>getc</servlet-name>
   <servlet-class>com.zlc.servlet.GetServlet</servlet-class>
</servlet>

<servlet-mapping>
   <servlet-name>getc</servlet-name>
   <url-pattern>/g</url-pattern>
</servlet-mapping>

2）测试效果

测试直接请求/g，发现可以，但由于没有存入数据，因此为null

请求/h，使HelloServlet类中存入Servlet上下文中数据的部分生效

再次请求/g，发现可以取出数据，因此ServletContext共享数据的特性得以验证

2.获取初始化参数

实例测试：

1）主要代码

在web.xml中配置一些Web应用的初始化参数

<!--    配置一些Web应用的初始化参数-->
<context-param>
    <param-name>url</param-name>
    <param-value>jdbc:mysql://localhost:3306/mybatis</param-value>
</context-param>

<servlet>
    <servlet-name>param</servlet-name>
    <servlet-class>com.zlc.servlet.TestParam</servlet-class>
</servlet>

<servlet-mapping>
    <servlet-name>param</servlet-name>
    <url-pattern>/p</url-pattern>
</servlet-mapping>

在TestParam类中获取之前配置的初始化参数

public class TestParam extends HttpServlet{
    @Override
    protected void doGet(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse resp) throws ServletException, IOException {
        ServletContext servletContext = this.getServletContext();

        String url = servletContext.getInitParameter("url");
        resp.setContentType("text/html");
        resp.setCharacterEncoding("utf-8");
        resp.getWriter().print(url);
    }

    @Override
    protected void doPost(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse resp) throws ServletException, IOException {
        doGet(req, resp);
    }
}

2）测试效果

3.请求转发

实例测试：

1）主要代码

web.xml

<servlet>
    <servlet-name>rd</servlet-name>
    <servlet-class>com.zlc.servlet.TestRequestDispatch</servlet-class>
</servlet>

<servlet-mapping>
    <servlet-name>rd</servlet-name>
    <url-pattern>/rd</url-pattern>
</servlet-mapping>

用于请求转发的TestRequestDispatcher类，将对于此类的映射的/rd，转发为请求/p

public class TestRequestDispatcher extends HttpServlet {
    @Override
    protected void doGet(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse resp) throws ServletException, IOException {
        ServletContext servletContext = this.getServletContext();

        //转发的请求路径
        RequestDispatcher requestDispatcher = servletContext.getRequestDispatcher("/p");
        //传递请求和响应，实现请求转发
        requestDispatcher.forward(req, resp);
    }

    @Override
    protected void doPost(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse resp) throws ServletException, IOException {
        doGet(req, resp);
    }
}

2）测试效果

4.读取资源文件

实例测试：

1）主要代码

resources目录下：db.properties

username=root
password=123456

用于读取资源文件的类：

public class TestReadSource extends HttpServlet {
    @Override
    protected void doGet(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse resp) throws ServletException, IOException {
        InputStream in = this.getServletContext().getResourceAsStream("/WEB-INF/classes/db.properties");

        Properties prop = new Properties();
        prop.load(in);
        String username = prop.getProperty("username");
        String password = prop.getProperty("password");

        resp.getWriter().print(username + ":" + password);
    }

    @Override
    protected void doPost(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse resp) throws ServletException, IOException {
        doGet(req, resp);
    }
}

web.xml

<servlet>
    <servlet-name>rs</servlet-name>
    <servlet-class>com.zlc.servlet.TestReadSource</servlet-class>
</servlet>
<servlet-mapping>
    <servlet-name>rs</servlet-name>
    <url-pattern>/rs</url-pattern>
</servlet-mapping>

2）测试效果

注：对于资源文件存放位置有特殊需求时，可参照本人之前文章进行相应配置：Maven中特殊需求下：自选目录（非resources目录）中配置文件资源导出问题