期望
离散: E ( X ) = ∑ i = 1 ∞ x i p i E(X)=\sum_{i=1}^{\infty}x_ip_i E(X)=∑i=1∞xipi,若绝对收敛
连续: E ( X ) = ∫ − ∞ + ∞ x f ( x ) d x E(X)=\int_{-\infty}^{+\infty}xf(x)dx E(X)=∫−∞+∞xf(x)dx,若绝对收敛
E ( C ) = C E(C)=C E(C)=C
E ( C X ) = C E ( X ) E(CX)=CE(X) E(CX)=CE(X)
E ( X + Y ) = E ( X ) + E ( Y ) E(X+Y)=E(X)+E(Y) E(X+Y)=E(X)+E(Y),X、Y为任意两个随机变量
E ( X Y ) = E ( X ) E ( Y ) E(XY)=E(X)E(Y) E(XY)=E(X)E(Y),X、Y相互独立
方差
D ( X ) = E [ X − E ( X ) ] 2 = E ( X 2 ) − [ E ( X ) ] 2 D(X)=E[X-E(X)]^2=E(X^2)-[E(X)]^2 D(X)=E[X−E(X)]2=E(X2)−[E(X)]2
D ( C ) = 0 D(C)=0 D(C)=0
D ( X + C ) = D ( X ) D(X+C)=D(X) D(X+C)=D(X)
D ( C X ) = C 2 D ( X ) D(CX)=C^2D(X) D(CX)=C2D(X)
D ( X ± Y ) = D ( X ) + D ( Y ) D(X\pm Y)=D(X)+D(Y) D(X±Y)=D(X)+D(Y),X、Y相互独立
D ( X ) = 0 D(X)=0 D(X)=0的充要条件是 P ( X = C ) = 1 , C = E ( X ) P(X=C)=1,C=E(X) P(X=C)=1,C=E(X)
X ∗ = X − E ( x ) D ( X ) X^*=\frac{X-E(x)}{\sqrt{D(X)}} X∗=D(X)X−E(x)叫做X的标准化随机变量。若 X ∼ N ( μ , σ 2 ) X\sim N(\mu,\sigma^2) X∼N(μ,σ2), X ∗ ∼ N ( 0 , 1 ) X^*\sim N(0,1) X∗∼N(0,1)
原点矩、中心矩
协方差
正、符负、不相关,具有局限性(数值大小与变量本身有关,大小不具有参考价值)
C o v ( X , Y ) = E { [ X − E ( X ) ] [ Y − E [ Y ] ] } = E ( X Y ) − E ( X ) E ( Y ) Cov(X,Y)=E\{[X-E(X)][Y-E[Y]]\}=E(XY)-E(X)E(Y) Cov(X,Y)=E{[X−E(X)][Y−E[Y]]}=E(XY)−E(X)E(Y),若存在
C o v ( X , Y ) = C o v ( Y , X ) Cov(X,Y)=Cov(Y,X) Cov(X,Y)=Cov(Y,X)
C o v ( a X , b Y ) = a b C o v ( X , Y ) Cov(aX,bY)=abCov(X,Y) Cov(aX,bY)=abCov(X,Y)
C o v ( X 1 + X 2 , Y ) = C o v ( X 1 , Y ) + C o v ( X 2 , Y ) Cov(X_1+X_2,Y)=Cov(X_1,Y)+Cov(X_2,Y) Cov(X1+X2,Y)=Cov(X1,Y)+Cov(X2,Y)
随机变量和的方差与协方差的关系: D ( X ± Y ) = D ( X ) + D ( Y ) ± 2 C o v ( X , Y ) D(X\pm Y)=D(X)+D(Y)\pm 2Cov(X,Y) D(X±Y)=D(X)+D(Y)±2Cov(X,Y)
相关系数
ρ X Y = C o v ( X , Y ) D ( X ) D ( Y ) \rho _{XY}=\frac{Cov(X,Y)}{\sqrt{D(X)D(Y)}} ρXY=D(X)D(Y)Cov(X,Y)
∣ ρ X Y ∣ ≤ 1 |\rho_{XY}|\leq1 ∣ρXY∣≤1
∣ ρ X Y ∣ = 1 |\rho_{XY}|=1 ∣ρXY∣=1的充要条件是存在常数 a , b ( a ! = 0 ) a,b(a!=0) a,b(a!=0)使 P { Y = a X + b } = 1 P\{Y=aX+b\}=1 P{Y=aX+b}=1
ρ \rho ρ刻画了线性程度, ρ X Y = 0 \rho_{XY}=0 ρXY=0称 X X X与 Y Y Y不相关(无线性关系),不一定能推出两个变量相互独立