python面向对象高级和应用

python面向对象高级和应用

1.1mro和c3算法

通过mro()获取当前类的继承关系（找成员的顺序）

示例一

mro(A)=[A]+merge(mro(B),mro(c))
	=[A]+merge([B],[C],[B,C])
    =[A]+[B,C]
    =[A,B,C]
print( A.mro() )   # [<class '__main__.A'>, <class '__main__.B'>, <class '__main__.C'>, <class 'object'>]
print( A.__mro__ ) # (<class '__main__.A'>, <class '__main__.B'>, <class '__main__.C'>, <class 'object'>)

示例二

mro(A)=[A]+merge(mro(B)+mro(c),[B,C])
      =[A]+merge([B],[C,D],[B,C])
      =[A]+[B,C,D]
        [A,B,C,D]
print( A.mro() ) # [<class '__main__.A'>, <class '__main__.B'>, <class '__main__.C'>, <class '__main__.D'>, <class 'object'>]

示例三

mro(A)=[A]+merge(mro(B)+mro(C),[B,C])
      =[A]+merge([B,D]+[C],[B,C])
    =[A]+[B,D,C]
    =[A,B,D,C]
print(A.mro()) # [<class '__main__.A'>, <class '__main__.B'>, <class '__main__.D'>, <class '__main__.C'>, <class 'object'>]

示例四

mro(A)=[A]+merge(mro(B)+mro(C),[B,C])
      =[A]+merge([B,D],[C,D],[B,C])
      =[A]+[B,C,D]
        =[A,B,C,D]
print(A.mro()) # [<class '__main__.A'>, <class '__main__.B'>, <class '__main__.C'>, <class '__main__.D'>, <class 'object'>]

示例五

mro(A)=[A]+merge(mro(B)+mro(C)+mro(P),[B,C,P])
      =[A]+merge(mro(B)+mro(C)+mro(P),[B,C,P])
mro(B)=[B]+merge(mro(D)+mro(E),[D,E])
		
mro(D)=[D]+merge(mro(G)+mro(H),[G,H])
      =[D]+merge([G],[H,K],[G,H])
      =[D,G,H,K]
mro(B)=[B]+merge(mro(D)+mro(E),[D,E])
      =[B]+merge([D,G,H,K]+[E,M],[D,E])
      =[B]+[D,G,H,K,E,M]
      =[B,D,G,H,K,E,M]
mro(C)=[C]+merge(mro(E)+mro(F),[E,F])
     =[C]+merge([E,M]+[F,M,N],[E,F])
    =[C]+[E,F,M,N]
    =[C,E,F,M,N]
mro(A)=[A]+merge(mro(B)+mro(C)+mro(P),[B,C,P])
      =[A]+merge([M]+[F,M,N]+[P],[P])
     =[A]+[B,D,G,H,K,C,E,F,M,N,P]
        =[A,B,D,G,H,K,C,E,F,M,N,P]
print(A.mro()) # 简写为：A -> B -> D -> G -> H -> K -> C -> E -> F -> M -> N -> P -> object

一句话搞定继承关系

从左到右，深度优先，大小钻石，留住顶端

1.2 py2和py3区别（了解）

• py2
  • 经典类，未继承object类型【从左到右，深度优先，大小钻石，不留顶端】
  • 新式类(py2之后开始支持)，直接或间接继承object类型【从左到右，深度优先，大小钻石，留住顶端–c3算法】
• py3
  • 新式类，丢弃了经典类只保留了新式类【从左到右，深度优先，大小钻石，留住顶端–c3算法】

2.内置函数补充

• classmethod,staticmethod,property

• callable,是否可在后面加括号执行

  • 函数

    def func():
        pass
    callable(func)#True
    

  • 类

    class Foo(object):
        pass
    callable(Foo)#True
    

  • 类具有__call__方法的对象

    class Foo(object):
        pass
    a=Foo()
    #类中没有call方法，所以对象中没有
    callable(a)#False
    
    
    class Foo(object):
        def __call__(self,*args,**kwargs):
            pass
    a=Foo()
    callable(a) #True
    

    #handler可以是：函数，类，具有call方法的对象
    def dO_something(handler):
        pass
    

• super,按照mro继承关系向上找成员

  class Top(object):
      def message(self,num):
          print('Top',num)
  class Base(Top):
      pass
  class Foo(Base):
      #找到自己
      def message(self,num):
          print("Foo",num)
          #找父类的message
          super().message(num+100)
  a=Foo()
  a.message(1)
  # Foo 1
  # Top 101
  

  应用场景：在一个类上扩展功能，用super

  class MyDict(dict):
      def get(slef,k):
          print("自定义功能")
          return super().get(k)
  

• type,获取一个对象的类型

  class Foo(object):
      pass
  a=Foo()
  type(a)==Foo#True
  

• isinstance,判断对象是否是某个类或其子类的实例

  class Base(object):
      pass
  class Foo(Base):
      pass
  a=Foo()
  isinstance(a,Foo)#True
  isinstance(a,Base)#True
  

  应用案例

  class Animal(object):
      def run(self):
          pass
  
  class Dog(Animal):
      pass
  class Cat(Animal):
      pass
  data_list=[
      'wxy',
      Dog(),
      Cat(),
  ]
  #方式一
  for i in data_list:
      if type(i)==Cat:
          i.run()
      elif type(i)==Dog:
          i.run()
      else:
          pass
  #方式二
  # for i in data_list:
  #     if isinstance(i,Animal):
  #         i.run()
  #     else:
  #         pass
  

• issubclass,判断类是否是某个类的子孙类

  class Top(object):
      pass
  class Base(Top):
      pass
  class Foo(Base):
      pass
  issubclass(Foo,Base)#True
  issubclass(Foo,Top)#True
  

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