JetPack - - - LifeCycle、ViewModel、LiveData

最新推荐文章于 2023-01-27 08:00:00 发布

m0_47914176

最新推荐文章于 2023-01-27 08:00:00 发布

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分类专栏： Android JetPack 文章标签： android java

本文链接：https://blog.csdn.net/m0_47914176/article/details/122036034

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Jetpack 是一个由多个库组成的套件，可帮助开发者遵循最佳做法、减少样板代码并编写可在各种 Android 版本和设备中一致运行的代码，让开发者可将精力集中于真正重要的编码工作。

JetPack的优点：

遵循最佳做法：
AndroidJetpack组件采用最新的设计方法构建，具有向后兼容性，可以减少崩溃和内存泄露。
消除样板代码：
AndroidJetpack可以管理各种繁琐的Activity（如后台任务、导航和生命周期管理），以便您可以专注于打造出色的应用。
减少不一致：
这些库可在各种Android版本和设备中以一致的方式运作，助您降低复杂性。

LifeCycle

LifeCycle会通知组件的生命周期变化并进行解耦，省略了onCreate()、onDestroy()等方法中的操作。

1.监听activity的生命周期

下面我们先来一个用LifeCycle的定时器案例

<androidx.constraintlayout.widget.ConstraintLayout xmlns:android="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res/android"
    xmlns:app="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res-auto"
    xmlns:tools="http://schemas.android.com/tools"
    android:layout_width="match_parent"
    android:layout_height="match_parent"
    tools:context=".Lifecycle.MainActivity">

        <com.example.jetpacktest.Lifecycle.MyChronometer
            android:id="@+id/chronometer"
            android:layout_width="wrap_content"
            android:layout_height="wrap_content"
            android:text="Hello World!"
            app:layout_constraintBottom_toBottomOf="parent"
            app:layout_constraintLeft_toLeftOf="parent"
            app:layout_constraintRight_toRightOf="parent"
            app:layout_constraintTop_toTopOf="parent"
            />

  
     

</androidx.constraintlayout.widget.ConstraintLayout>

这里引用的是我们自定义的一个定时器类(activity显示时计时，退出后暂停计时)。

public class MyChronometer extends Chronometer implements LifecycleObserver {

    private long mElapsedTime;

    public MyChronometer(Context context, AttributeSet attrs) {
        super(context, attrs);
    }

    //配置onResume的监听
    @OnLifecycleEvent(Lifecycle.Event.ON_RESUME)
    private void startMeter(){
        //恢复计时并保证是接着退出前的时间计时
        setBase(SystemClock.elapsedRealtime()-mElapsedTime);
        start();
    }

     //配置onPause的监听
    @OnLifecycleEvent(Lifecycle.Event.ON_PAUSE)
    private void stopMeter(){
        //记录计时的时间
        mElapsedTime = SystemClock.elapsedRealtime() - getBase();
        stop();
    }
}

Lifecycle的使用方式(如上):

1.实现LifecycleObserver接口.

2.配置注解并指定生命周期

public class MainActivity extends AppCompatActivity {

    private MyChronometer mViewById;

    @Override
    protected void onCreate(Bundle savedInstanceState) {
        super.onCreate(savedInstanceState);
        setContentView(R.layout.activity_main);
        mViewById = findViewById(R.id.chronometer);
        //绑定activity的生命周期监听
        getLifecycle().addObserver(mViewById);
     
    }
}

效果图：

2.监听service的生命周期

先来添加一下这个依赖：

implementation 'androidx.lifecycle:lifecycle-extensions:2.2.0'

在AndroidManifest.xml文件里添加定位所需权限：

<uses-permission android:name="android.permission.ACCESS_COARSE_LOCATION" />
<uses-permission android:name="android.permission.ACCESS_FINE_LOCATION" />
<uses-permission android:name="android.permission.ACCESS_BACKGROUND_LOCATION" />

这次我们通过一个在Service中打印坐标的案例来说明使用方法。

我们先来一个布局xml：

<androidx.constraintlayout.widget.ConstraintLayout xmlns:android="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res/android"
    xmlns:app="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res-auto"
    xmlns:tools="http://schemas.android.com/tools"
    android:layout_width="match_parent"
    android:layout_height="match_parent"
    tools:context=".Lifecycle.MainActivity">


        <Button
            android:id="@+id/button"
            android:layout_width="wrap_content"
            android:layout_height="wrap_content"
            android:background="#03A9F4"
            android:text="start"
            android:onClick="startGPS"
            app:layout_constraintBottom_toBottomOf="parent"
            app:layout_constraintEnd_toEndOf="parent"
            app:layout_constraintHorizontal_bias="0.498"
            app:layout_constraintStart_toStartOf="parent"
            app:layout_constraintTop_toBottomOf="@+id/chronometer"
            app:layout_constraintVertical_bias="0.346" />

        <Button
            android:id="@+id/button2"
            android:layout_width="wrap_content"
            android:layout_height="wrap_content"
            android:background="#00BCD4"
            android:text="stop"
            android:onClick="stopGPS"
            app:layout_constraintBottom_toBottomOf="parent"
            app:layout_constraintEnd_toEndOf="parent"
            app:layout_constraintHorizontal_bias="0.498"
            app:layout_constraintStart_toStartOf="parent"
            app:layout_constraintTop_toTopOf="@+id/chronometer"
            app:layout_constraintVertical_bias="0.613" />

</androidx.constraintlayout.widget.ConstraintLayout>

在Xml里有两个按钮分别，启动和停止Service。

public class MyLocationService extends LifecycleService {

    public MyLocationService() {
        Log.i("ning","MyLocationService");
        MyLocationObserver myLocationObserver = new MyLocationObserver(this);
        //绑定生命周期
        getLifecycle().addObserver(myLocationObserver);
    }
}

在Service中我们首先继承LifecycleService，接着初始化定位监听的类，并绑定自己生命周期。

public class MyLocationObserver implements LifecycleObserver {
    private Context mContext;
    private LocationManager mSystemService;
    private MyLocationListener mMyLocationListener;

    public MyLocationObserver(Context pContext) {
        mContext = pContext;
    }

    //监听Service执行onCreate()时执行
    @OnLifecycleEvent(Lifecycle.Event.ON_CREATE)
    private void startGetLocation() {
        Log.i("ning","startGetLocation");
        mSystemService = (LocationManager) mContext.getSystemService(Context.LOCATION_SERVICE);
        mMyLocationListener = new MyLocationListener();
        if (ActivityCompat.checkSelfPermission(mContext, Manifest.permission.ACCESS_FINE_LOCATION) != PackageManager.PERMISSION_GRANTED && ActivityCompat.checkSelfPermission(mContext, Manifest.permission.ACCESS_COARSE_LOCATION) != PackageManager.PERMISSION_GRANTED) {
            // TODO: Consider calling
            //    ActivityCompat#requestPermissions
            // here to request the missing permissions, and then overriding
            //   public void onRequestPermissionsResult(int requestCode, String[] permissions,
            //                                          int[] grantResults)
            // to handle the case where the user grants the permission. See the documentation
            // for ActivityCompat#requestPermissions for more details.
            return;
        }
        //开启Gps
        mSystemService.requestLocationUpdates(LocationManager.GPS_PROVIDER, 3000, 1, mMyLocationListener);
    }

  //监听Service执行onDestroy()时执行
    @OnLifecycleEvent(Lifecycle.Event.ON_DESTROY)
    private void stopGetLocation(){
        Log.i("ning","stopGetLocation");
         //关闭Gps
        mSystemService.removeUpdates(mMyLocationListener);
    }

    static class MyLocationListener implements LocationListener {

        @Override
        public void onLocationChanged(@NonNull Location location) {
            Log.d("ning","onLocationChanged"+location.getLongitude()+","+location.getLatitude());
        }
    }
}

和在activity中的写法一样，继承LifecycleObserver接口并添加注解。

public class MainActivity extends AppCompatActivity {

    private MyChronometer mViewById;

    @Override
    protected void onCreate(Bundle savedInstanceState) {
        super.onCreate(savedInstanceState);
        setContentView(R.layout.activity_main);
          if (Build.VERSION.SDK_INT >= Build.VERSION_CODES.M) {
            if (checkSelfPermission(Manifest.permission.ACCESS_COARSE_LOCATION) != PackageManager.PERMISSION_GRANTED) {
                ActivityCompat.requestPermissions(this, new String[]{Manifest.permission.ACCESS_COARSE_LOCATION,Manifest.permission.ACCESS_FINE_LOCATION}, 1);
            }
        }
    
    }

    public void startGPS(View view) {
            startService(new Intent(this,MyLocationService.class));
    }

    public void stopGPS(View view) {
        stopService(new Intent(this,MyLocationService.class));

    }
}

最后我通过adb命令来修改gps的位置

adb -s emulator-5554 emu geo fix 121.4961236714487 31.24010934431376
adb -s emulator-5554 emu geo fix 122.4961236714487 31.24010934431376

打印结果：

2021-12-20 15:32:15.166 18692-18692/com.example.jetpacktest D/ning: onLocationChanged121.49612333333333,31.240108333333332

3.监听App的生命周期

我们定以一个App生命周期的监听类。

public class ApplicationObserver implements LifecycleObserver {
    private static String TAG="TAG";
    @OnLifecycleEvent(Lifecycle.Event.ON_CREATE)
    private void onCreate(){
        Log.i(TAG,"Lifecycle.Event.ON_CREATE");
    }

    @OnLifecycleEvent(Lifecycle.Event.ON_STOP)
    private void onStop() {
        Log.i(TAG,"Lifecycle.Event.ON_STOP");
    }

    @OnLifecycleEvent(Lifecycle.Event.ON_START)
    private void onStart() {
        Log.i(TAG,"Lifecycle.Event.ON_START");
    }

    @OnLifecycleEvent(Lifecycle.Event.ON_RESUME)
    private void onResume() {
        Log.i(TAG,"Lifecycle.Event.ON_RESUME");
    }



    @OnLifecycleEvent(Lifecycle.Event.ON_PAUSE)
    private void onPause() {
        Log.i(TAG,"Lifecycle.Event.ON_PAUSE");
    }

    @OnLifecycleEvent(Lifecycle.Event.ON_DESTROY)
    private void onDestroy() {
        Log.i(TAG,"Lifecycle.Event.ON_DESTROY");
    }

}

方法还是和之前一样。

public class MyApplication extends Application {
    @Override
    public void onCreate() {
        super.onCreate();
         //绑定生命周期的监听类
        ProcessLifecycleOwner.get().getLifecycle().addObserver(new ApplicationObserver());
    }
}

接着在Application绑定一下就成了！

4.Lifecycle的优点

1.帮助开发者建立可感知生命周期的组件
2.组件在其内部管理自己的生命周期，从而降低模块耦合度
3.降低内存泄漏发生的可能性
4.Activity、Fragment、Application均有LifeCycle支持

二.ViewModel

1.ViewModel的作用

1.它是介于View(视图)和Model(数据模型)之间的桥梁。

2.是视图和数据能够分离，也能保持通信。

2.ViewModel的应用

我们通过一个案例来演示ViewModel的用法。

首先引入这个依赖

implementation 'androidx.lifecycle:lifecycle-extensions:2.2.0'

<androidx.constraintlayout.widget.ConstraintLayout xmlns:android="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res/android"
    xmlns:app="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res-auto"
    xmlns:tools="http://schemas.android.com/tools"
    android:layout_width="match_parent"
    android:layout_height="match_parent"
    tools:context=".ViewModel.ViewModelActivity">

    <TextView
        android:id="@+id/textView"
        android:layout_width="wrap_content"
        android:layout_height="wrap_content"
        android:text="0"
        android:textSize="24sp"
        app:layout_constraintBottom_toBottomOf="parent"
        app:layout_constraintEnd_toEndOf="parent"
        app:layout_constraintStart_toStartOf="parent"
        app:layout_constraintTop_toTopOf="parent"
        app:layout_constraintVertical_bias="0.23" />

    <Button
        android:id="@+id/button3"
        android:layout_width="wrap_content"
        android:layout_height="wrap_content"
        android:onClick="ViewModelClick"
        android:text="点击加1"
        app:layout_constraintBottom_toBottomOf="parent"
        app:layout_constraintEnd_toEndOf="parent"
        app:layout_constraintHorizontal_bias="0.532"
        app:layout_constraintStart_toStartOf="parent"
        app:layout_constraintTop_toTopOf="parent"
        app:layout_constraintVertical_bias="0.45" />
</androidx.constraintlayout.widget.ConstraintLayout>

public class ViewModelActivity extends AppCompatActivity {

    private ApplicationViewModel mApplicationViewModel;
    private TextView mTextView;

    @Override
    protected void onCreate(Bundle savedInstanceState) {
        super.onCreate(savedInstanceState);
        setContentView(R.layout.activity_view_model);
        mTextView = findViewById(R.id.textView);
        //初始化viewModel对象
        mApplicationViewModel = new ViewModelProvider(this, new ViewModelProvider.AndroidViewModelFactory(getApplication())).get(ApplicationViewModel.class);     
         //赋值
        mTextView.setText(String.valueOf(mApplicationViewModel.num));
    }

    public void ViewModelClick(View view) {
         //每点击一次加一
        mTextView.setText(String.valueOf(mApplicationViewModel.num++));
    }
}

ViewModel是独立于activity的生命周期之外的，我们初始化了ViewModel，并直接修改ViewModel中的值，这样activity就算销毁了，也不会影响ViewModel的值。

                   //要使用Content时推荐用AndroidViewModel,不用上下文时可以用ViewModel
public class ApplicationViewModel extends AndroidViewModel {
    public int  num;
    public ApplicationViewModel(@NonNull Application application) {
        super(application);
    }
}

结果演示：

3.AndroidViewModel

不要向ViewModel中传入Context，会导致内存泄露

如果要使用Context，请使用AndroidViewModel中的Application

三.LiveData

1.LiveData和ViewModel的关系

ViewModel中的数据发生变化是通知页面

2.LiveData应用

我们通过简单案例来介绍LiveData加ViewModel的用法

<androidx.constraintlayout.widget.ConstraintLayout xmlns:android="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res/android"
    xmlns:app="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res-auto"
    xmlns:tools="http://schemas.android.com/tools"
    android:layout_width="match_parent"
    android:layout_height="match_parent"
    tools:context=".LiveData.LiveDataActivity">

    <Button
        android:id="@+id/button4"
        android:layout_width="wrap_content"
        android:layout_height="wrap_content"
        android:onClick="RequestLiveData"

        android:text="请求"
        app:layout_constraintBottom_toBottomOf="parent"
        app:layout_constraintEnd_toEndOf="parent"
        app:layout_constraintStart_toStartOf="parent"
        app:layout_constraintTop_toTopOf="parent" />

    <TextView
        android:id="@+id/textView2"
        android:layout_width="wrap_content"
        android:layout_height="wrap_content"
        android:text="TextView"
        android:textSize="20dp"
        app:layout_constraintBottom_toBottomOf="parent"
        app:layout_constraintEnd_toEndOf="parent"
        app:layout_constraintHorizontal_bias="0.492"
        app:layout_constraintStart_toStartOf="parent"
        app:layout_constraintTop_toTopOf="parent"
        app:layout_constraintVertical_bias="0.237" />
</androidx.constraintlayout.widget.ConstraintLayout>

这是案例的Xml文件。

public class LiveDataActivity extends AppCompatActivity {

    private TextView mTextView2;
    private MyViewMode mMyViewMode;

    @Override
    protected void onCreate(Bundle savedInstanceState) {
        super.onCreate(savedInstanceState);
        setContentView(R.layout.activity_live_data);
        mTextView2 = findViewById(R.id.textView2);
        mMyViewMode = new ViewModelProvider(this, new ViewModelProvider.AndroidViewModelFactory(getApplication())).get(MyViewMode.class);
        mTextView2.setText(String.valueOf(mMyViewMode.getCurrentSecond().getValue()));
        //LiveData监听器 每当监听的值发生变化，都会触发回调
        mMyViewMode.getCurrentSecond().observe(this, pInteger -> mTextView2.setText(String.valueOf(pInteger)));
    }

    //定义定时器
    public void RequestLiveData(final View view) {
        new Timer().schedule(new TimerTask() {
            @Override
            public void run() {
                //非UI线程 用 Post
                //UI线程  用set                            每一秒加一
                mMyViewMode.getCurrentSecond().postValue(mMyViewMode.getCurrentSecond().getValue()+1);
            }
        },1000,1000);
    }
}

在activity中初始化ViewModel，定义定时器自动增加1，而通过LiveData的监听器每次ViewModel中的只改变都会出发回调，以更新UI。

public class MyViewMode extends ViewModel {
        private MutableLiveData<Integer>  currentSecond;

        public MutableLiveData<Integer> getCurrentSecond(){
            if (currentSecond==null){
                currentSecond= new MutableLiveData<>();
                //赋值
                currentSecond.setValue(0);
            }
            return currentSecond;
        }
}

在 ViewModel里初始化了LiveData。

结果演示：

第二个案例：

<androidx.constraintlayout.widget.ConstraintLayout xmlns:android="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res/android"
    xmlns:app="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res-auto"
    xmlns:tools="http://schemas.android.com/tools"
    android:layout_width="match_parent"
    android:layout_height="match_parent"
    tools:context=".liveDataFragment.LiveDataPagerActivity">

    <fragment
        android:id="@+id/fragment2"
        android:name="com.example.jetpacktest.liveDataFragment.SecondFragment"
        android:layout_width="0dp"
        android:layout_height="0dp"
        app:layout_constraintBottom_toTopOf="@+id/guideline"
        app:layout_constraintEnd_toEndOf="parent"
        app:layout_constraintHorizontal_bias="0.498"
        app:layout_constraintStart_toStartOf="parent"
        app:layout_constraintTop_toTopOf="parent" />

    <fragment
        android:id="@+id/fragment"
        android:name="com.example.jetpacktest.liveDataFragment.LiveDataFragment"
        android:layout_width="0dp"
        android:layout_height="0dp"
        app:layout_constraintBottom_toBottomOf="parent"
        app:layout_constraintEnd_toEndOf="parent"
        app:layout_constraintStart_toStartOf="parent"
        app:layout_constraintTop_toBottomOf="@+id/fragment2" />

    <androidx.constraintlayout.widget.Guideline
        android:id="@+id/guideline"
        android:layout_width="wrap_content"
        android:layout_height="wrap_content"
        android:orientation="horizontal"
        app:layout_constraintGuide_percent="0.5" />

</androidx.constraintlayout.widget.ConstraintLayout>

Xml文件上下两个fragment，中间一条间隔线。

public class LiveDataPagerActivity extends AppCompatActivity {

    @Override
    protected void onCreate(Bundle savedInstanceState) {
        super.onCreate(savedInstanceState);
        setContentView(R.layout.activity_live_data_pager);
    }
}

activity什么都不做。

public class LiveDataViewModel extends ViewModel {
    // TODO: Implement the ViewModel
    private MutableLiveData<Integer> progress;

    public MutableLiveData<Integer> getProgress(){
        if (progress==null){
            progress=new MutableLiveData<>();
            progress.setValue(0);
        }
        return progress;
    }
}

和之前一样

public class LiveDataFragment extends Fragment {
    
    @Override
    public View onCreateView(@NonNull LayoutInflater inflater, @Nullable ViewGroup container,
                             @Nullable Bundle savedInstanceState) {
        View inflate = inflater.inflate(R.layout.live_data_fragment, container, false);
        final SeekBar seekBar = inflate.findViewById(R.id.seekBar);
        //初始化ViewModel
        final LiveDataViewModel liveDataViewModel = new ViewModelProvider(getActivity(), new ViewModelProvider.AndroidViewModelFactory(getActivity().getApplication())).get(LiveDataViewModel.class);
        //liveData的监听
        liveDataViewModel.getProgress().observe(getActivity(), new Observer<Integer>() {
            @Override
            public void onChanged(Integer pInteger) {
                //配置进度条的进度
                seekBar.setProgress(pInteger);
            }
        });
        //进度条监听
        seekBar.setOnSeekBarChangeListener(new SeekBar.OnSeekBarChangeListener() {
            @Override
            public void onProgressChanged(SeekBar seekBar, int progress, boolean fromUser) {
                //配置滑到的进度
                liveDataViewModel.getProgress().setValue(progress);
            }

            @Override
            public void onStartTrackingTouch(SeekBar seekBar) {

            }

            @Override
            public void onStopTrackingTouch(SeekBar seekBar) {

            }
        });
        return inflate;
    }
}

public class SecondFragment extends Fragment {


    @Override
    public View onCreateView(LayoutInflater inflater, ViewGroup container,
                             Bundle savedInstanceState) {
        // Inflate the layout for this fragment
        View inflate = inflater.inflate(R.layout.fragment_second, container, false);

        final SeekBar seekBar = inflate.findViewById(R.id.seekBar);
        //初始化ViewModel
        final LiveDataViewModel liveDataViewModel = new ViewModelProvider(getActivity(), new ViewModelProvider.AndroidViewModelFactory(getActivity().getApplication())).get(LiveDataViewModel.class);
        //liveData的监听
        liveDataViewModel.getProgress().observe(getActivity(), new Observer<Integer>() {
            @Override
            public void onChanged(Integer pInteger) {
                //配置进度条的进度
                seekBar.setProgress(pInteger);
            }
        });
        //进度条监听
        seekBar.setOnSeekBarChangeListener(new SeekBar.OnSeekBarChangeListener() {
            @Override
            public void onProgressChanged(SeekBar seekBar, int progress, boolean fromUser) {
                //配置滑到的进度
                liveDataViewModel.getProgress().setValue(progress);
            }

            @Override
            public void onStartTrackingTouch(SeekBar seekBar) {

            }

            @Override
            public void onStopTrackingTouch(SeekBar seekBar) {

            }
        });
        return inflate;
    }
}

以上两个fragment所干的是都一样，进度条把进度赋值给LiveData，又通过liveData的监听，值改变时就会触发回调，达到了两个fragment进度条同步的效果

效果演示：