Python编程入门--第九章类

最新推荐文章于 2022-11-10 21:42:25 发布

yuxiaoyanran2020

最新推荐文章于 2022-11-10 21:42:25 发布

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文章标签： python 开发语言 numpy

本文链接：https://blog.csdn.net/m0_48005088/article/details/126395431

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创建类和实例

# 创建Dog类
class Dog():
    "一次模拟小狗的简单尝试"
    def __init__(self,name,age):
        "初始化属性name和age"
        self.name = name 
        self.age = age
        
    def sit(self):
        "模拟小狗被命令时蹲下"
        print(self.name.title() + " is now sitting.")
        
    def roll_over(self):
        "模拟小狗被命令时打滚"
        print(self.name.title() + " rolled over.")

# 创建实例
my_dog = Dog("willie", 6)
my_dog.sit()
my_dog.roll_over()

Willie is now sitting.
Willie rolled over.

# 创建Car类
class Car():
    "一次模拟汽车的简单尝试"
    def __init__(self, make, model, year):
        self.make = make
        self.model = model
        self.year = year
        
    def get_descriptive_name(self):
        "返回整洁的描述性信息"
        long_time = str(self.year) + " " + self.make + " " + self.model
        return long_time.title()
    
# 创建实例
my_new_car = Car("audi", "a4", 2016)
print(my_new_car.get_descriptive_name())

2016 Audi A4

给属性指定默认值

# 创建Car类
class Car():
    "一次模拟汽车的简单尝试"
    def __init__(self, make, model, year):
        self.make = make
        self.model = model
        self.year = year
        self.odometer_reading = 0    # 指定里程表读数
        
    def get_descriptive_name(self):
        "返回整洁的描述性信息"
        long_time = str(self.year) + " " + self.make + " " + self.model
        return long_time.title()
    
    def read_odometer(self):
        "打印一条指出汽车里程的消息"
        print("This car has " + str(self.odometer_reading) + " miles on it.")
    
# 创建实例
my_new_car = Car("audi", "a4", 2016)
print(my_new_car.get_descriptive_name())
my_new_car.read_odometer()

2016 Audi A4
This car has 0 miles on it.

修改属性的值

1、直接修改属性的值

# 创建Car类
class Car():
    "一次模拟汽车的简单尝试"
    def __init__(self, make, model, year):
        self.make = make
        self.model = model
        self.year = year
        self.odometer_reading = 0    # 指定里程表读数默认值
        
    def get_descriptive_name(self):
        "返回整洁的描述性信息"
        long_time = str(self.year) + " " + self.make + " " + self.model
        return long_time.title()
    
    def read_odometer(self):
        "打印一条指出汽车里程的消息"
        print("This car has " + str(self.odometer_reading) + " miles on it.")
    
# 创建实例
my_new_car = Car("audi", "a4", 2016)
print(my_new_car.get_descriptive_name())

my_new_car.odometer_reading = 23    # 直接修改参数
my_new_car.read_odometer()

2016 Audi A4
This car has 23 miles on it.

2、通过方法修改属性值

# 创建Car类
class Car():
    "一次模拟汽车的简单尝试"
    def __init__(self, make, model, year):
        self.make = make
        self.model = model
        self.year = year
        self.odometer_reading = 0    # 指定里程表读数默认值
        
    def get_descriptive_name(self):
        "返回整洁的描述性信息"
        long_time = str(self.year) + " " + self.make + " " + self.model
        return long_time.title()
    
    def read_odometer(self):
        "打印一条指出汽车里程的消息"
        print("This car has " + str(self.odometer_reading) + " miles on it.")
    
    def update_odometer(self, mileage):   # 通过方法修改属性值
        self.odometer_reading = mileage
    
# 创建实例
my_new_car = Car("audi", "a4", 2016)
print(my_new_car.get_descriptive_name())

my_new_car.update_odometer(23)     
my_new_car.read_odometer()

2016 Audi A4
This car has 23 miles on it.

可对update_odometer()函数进行拓展，防止任何人将里程数往回调

# 创建Car类
class Car():
    "一次模拟汽车的简单尝试"
    def __init__(self, make, model, year):
        self.make = make
        self.model = model
        self.year = year
        self.odometer_reading = 0    # 指定里程表读数默认值
        
    def get_descriptive_name(self):
        "返回整洁的描述性信息"
        long_time = str(self.year) + " " + self.make + " " + self.model
        return long_time.title()
    
    def read_odometer(self):
        "打印一条指出汽车里程的消息"
        print("This car has " + str(self.odometer_reading) + " miles on it.")
    
    def update_odometer(self, mileage):   # 增设判断条件，防止回调
        if mileage >= self.odometer_reading:
            self.odometer_reading = mileage
        else:
            print("You can't roll back an odometer.")
    
# 创建实例
my_new_car = Car("audi", "a4", 2016)
print(my_new_car.get_descriptive_name())

my_new_car.update_odometer(-1)     
my_new_car.read_odometer()

2016 Audi A4
You can't roll back an odometer.
This car has 0 miles on it.

3、通过方法对属性的值进行递增

# 创建Car类
class Car():
    "一次模拟汽车的简单尝试"
    def __init__(self, make, model, year):
        self.make = make
        self.model = model
        self.year = year
        self.odometer_reading = 0    # 指定里程表读数默认值
        
    def get_descriptive_name(self):
        "返回整洁的描述性信息"
        long_time = str(self.year) + " " + self.make + " " + self.model
        return long_time.title()
    
    def read_odometer(self):
        "打印一条指出汽车里程的消息"
        print("This car has " + str(self.odometer_reading) + " miles on it.")
    
    def increment_odometer(self, miles):   # 增设判断条件，防止回调
        if miles >= 0:
            self.odometer_reading += miles
        else:
            print("You can't roll back an odometer.")
    
# 创建实例
my_new_car = Car("audi", "a4", 2016)
print(my_new_car.get_descriptive_name())

my_new_car.increment_odometer(1)     
my_new_car.read_odometer()

my_new_car.increment_odometer(-1)     
my_new_car.read_odometer()

2016 Audi A4
This car has 1 miles on it.
You can't roll back an odometer.
This car has 1 miles on it.

继承

编写类时，并非总是要从空白开始。若编写的类是另一个类的特殊版本，可使用继承。一个类继承另一个类时，它将自动获得另一个类的属性和方法；原有的类称为父类，而新类称为子类。子类继承了其父类的所有属性和方法，同时还可以定义自己的属性和方法。

# 创建Car类
class Car():
    "一次模拟汽车的简单尝试"
    def __init__(self, make, model, year):
        self.make = make
        self.model = model
        self.year = year
        self.odometer_reading = 0    # 指定里程表读数默认值
        
    def get_descriptive_name(self):
        "返回整洁的描述性信息"
        long_time = str(self.year) + " " + self.make + " " + self.model
        return long_time.title()
    
    def read_odometer(self):
        "打印一条指出汽车里程的消息"
        print("This car has " + str(self.odometer_reading) + " miles on it.")
    
    def increment_odometer(self, miles):   # 增设判断条件，防止回调
        if miles >= 0:
            self.odometer_reading += miles
        else:
            print("You can't roll back an odometer.")
            
# 创建子类
class ElectricCar(Car):
    "电动汽车的独特之处"
    def __init__(self, make, model, year):
        "初始化父类的属性"
        super().__init__(make, model, year)
        
    
# 创建实例
my_tesla = ElectricCar("tesla", "model s", 2016)
print(my_tesla.get_descriptive_name())

2016 Tesla Model S

创建子类时，父类必须包含在当前的文件中，且位于子类的前面。定义子类时，必须在括号内指定父类的名称。方法__init__()接受创建Car类实例所需的信息。super()是一个特殊的函数，帮助Python将父类和子类关联起来。子类中的super()此行代码让Python调用子类的父类的方法__init__()，让子类包含父类所有的属性。父类也称为超类（superclass），名称super()因此得名。

给子类定义属性和方法

让一个类继承另一个类后，可添加区分子类和父类所需的新属性和方法。

# 创建Car类
class Car():
    "一次模拟汽车的简单尝试"
    def __init__(self, make, model, year):
        self.make = make
        self.model = model
        self.year = year
        self.odometer_reading = 0    # 指定里程表读数默认值
        
    def get_descriptive_name(self):
        "返回整洁的描述性信息"
        long_time = str(self.year) + " " + self.make + " " + self.model
        return long_time.title()
    
    def read_odometer(self):
        "打印一条指出汽车里程的消息"
        print("This car has " + str(self.odometer_reading) + " miles on it.")
    
    def increment_odometer(self, miles):   # 增设判断条件，防止回调
        if miles >= 0:
            self.odometer_reading += miles
        else:
            print("You can't roll back an odometer.")
            
# 创建子类
class ElectricCar(Car):
    "电动汽车的独特之处"
    def __init__(self, make, model, year):
        "初始化父类的属性，再初始化电动汽车特有的属性"
        super().__init__(make, model, year)
        self.battery_size = 70
        
    def describe_battery(self):
        "打印一条描述电瓶容量的消息"
        print("This car has a " + str(self.battery_size) + "-kwh battery.")
    
# 创建实例
my_tesla = ElectricCar("tesla", "model s", 2016)
my_tesla.describe_battery()

This car has a 70-kwh battery.

重写父类

对于父类的方法，只要它不符合子类模拟的实物的行为，都可以对其进行重写。可在子类中定义一个同样的方法，及它和重写的父类的方法同名。Python将不会考虑父类的方法，而只关注子类中定义的相应的方法。即使用继承时，可让子类保留从弗雷那里继承而来的精华，并剔除不需要的糟粕。

将实例用作属性

# 创建Car类
class Car():
    "一次模拟汽车的简单尝试"
    def __init__(self, make, model, year):
        self.make = make
        self.model = model
        self.year = year
        self.odometer_reading = 0    # 指定里程表读数默认值
        
    def get_descriptive_name(self):
        "返回整洁的描述性信息"
        long_time = str(self.year) + " " + self.make + " " + self.model
        return long_time.title()
    
    def read_odometer(self):
        "打印一条指出汽车里程的消息"
        print("This car has " + str(self.odometer_reading) + " miles on it.")
    
    def increment_odometer(self, miles):   # 增设判断条件，防止回调
        if miles >= 0:
            self.odometer_reading += miles
        else:
            print("You can't roll back an odometer.")
            
class Battery():
    "一次模拟电动汽车的简单尝试"
    def __init__(self, battery_size=70):
        self.battery_size = battery_size
    
    def describe_battery(self):
        "打印一条描述电瓶容量的消息"
        print("This car has a " + str(self.battery_size) + "-kwh battery.")
            
# 创建子类
class ElectricCar(Car):
    "电动汽车的独特之处"
    def __init__(self, make, model, year):
        "初始化父类的属性，再初始化电动汽车特有的属性"
        super().__init__(make, model, year)
        self.battery = Battery()    #属性sel.battery承接了新类Battery，Battery是一个新的实例
    
# 创建实例
my_tesla = ElectricCar("tesla", "model s", 2016)
my_tesla.battery.battery_size = 80  # 重新定义battery_size
my_tesla.battery.describe_battery()

This car has a 80-kwh battery.

导入类

导入单个类：from model_name import class_name，如from car import Car
可在一个模块中存储多个类，如上
可从一个模块中导入多个类：from model_name import class_0, class_1, class_2
可导入整个模块：import model_name 或 from model_name import *
可在一个模块中导入另一个模块

类编码风格

1、类名应该采用驼峰命名法，即将类名中的每个单词首字母都大写，而不使用下划线。实例名和模块名都采用小写格式，并在单词之间加上下划线。
2、对于每个类，都应紧跟在类定义后面包含一个文档字符串。这种文档字符串简要的描述类的功能，并遵循编写函数的文档字符串时采用的格式约定。每个模块也都应包含一个文档字符串，对其中的类可用于做什么进行描述。
3、可使用空行来组织代码，但不要滥用。在类中，可使用一个空行来分隔方法；而在模块中，可使用两个空行来分隔类。
4、需要同时导入标准库中的模块和自写的模块是，先导入标准库，再添加一个空行，再导入自写的模块。（让人更易明白各个模块来自于何方）