8、C++结构体

基本概念

一、定义和使用

1、struct Student s1;    //c++中,struct可以省略    Student s1;

2、struct Student s2={  ...  };     //Student s2={  ...  };

3、struct Student

     {...

     } s3;

// string name;   //字符串定义时

s1.name       //这样使用

struct Student
{
	string name;
	int age;
	float score;
}s3;    //顺便定义结构体变量

int main()
{   
	Student s1;
	//struct Student s1;
	s1.name = "张三";       //name 为字符串
	s1.age = 15;
	s1.score = 98.5;

	cout << "姓名：" << s1.name << "  年龄：" << s1.age << "  成绩:" << s1.score << endl;

二、结构体数组

struct Student stuArray[3] = {
        {"张三",16,78.5},
        {"李四",15,88},
        {"王五",15,100}
    };

 stuArray[2].name = "赵六";

 cout << "  成绩：" << stuArray[i].score << endl;

三、结构体指针

struct Student s = { "张三",15,88 };
struct Student* p = &s;      //1.指针指向张三

struct Student stuArray[2] = {
        {"李四",15,75},
        {"王五",16,100}
};

 struct Student* p1 = stuArray;       //2.指针指向李四

 p1++;       //3.指针指向王五

struct Student s = { "张三",15,88 };
//1
struct Student* p = &s;
cout << "姓名：" << p->name << "  年龄：" << p->age << "  成绩：" << p->score << endl;

struct Student stuArray[2] = {
	{"李四",15,75},
	{"王五",16,100}
};

//2
struct Student* p1 = stuArray;
cout << "姓名：" << p1->name << "  年龄：" << p1->age << "  成绩：" << p1->score << endl;

//3
p1++;
cout << "姓名：" << p1->name << "  年龄：" << p1->age << "  成绩：" << p1->score << endl;

四、结构体嵌套结构体

tch.name = "张丽丽";

tch.stu.name = "张三";

struct Teacher* p1 = &tch;

p1->name 
p1->stu.name

struct Student
{
	string name;
	int age;
	float score;
};

struct Teacher
{
	int id;
	string name;
	struct Student stu;
};

五、结构体做函数参数

1.值传递         //不想对结构体元素修改，用值传递
printStudent1(s);

2.地址传递     //想对结构体元素修改，用地址传递
printStudent(&s);

//值传递
void printStudent1(struct Student stu)
{
	cout << endl << "在值传递函数中" << endl;
	stu.age = 10000;
	cout << "姓名：" << stu.name;
	cout << "  年龄:" << stu.age;
	cout << "  成绩：" << stu.score << endl;
}

//地址传递
void printStudent(struct Student* p)
{
	cout << endl << "在地址传递函数中" << endl;
	p->age = 2000;
	cout << "姓名：" << p->name;
	cout << "  年龄：" << p->age;
	cout << "  成绩：" << p->score << endl;
}

六、结构体中const 的使用场景

const 防止误操作

值传递，拷贝一份原结构体副本，浪费内存

地址传递，节省内存，指针只占4字节， 但害怕错误修改，加const

void printStudent(const struct Student *s)

printStudent(&s);

七、案例

1.结构体数组—函数参数

struct Teacher tArray[3];

可以指针传递，也可以数组传递（更直观一点，一眼看出来传的是数组）

void createTeacher(struct Teacher tArray[ ],  int len, int snum)

createTeacher(tArray, len,5);

2.赋值时，string 类型 += 连接

string nameSeed="ABCDE";         //  nameSeed[1]=B;

tArray[i].sArray[j].sname = "Student_";
tArray[i].sArray[j].sname += nameSeed[j];

3.随机数

产生0~100的随机数

int num = rand( )%41 + 60 ;     // 0 ~ 40      0+60=60   ~ 40+60=100   

srand((unsigned)time(NULL));

#include<iostream>
using namespace std;
#include<string>
#include<ctime>

struct Student
{
	string sname;
	float score;
};

struct Teacher
{
	string tname;
	struct Student sArray[5];
};

//给老师和学生赋值，参数1：可以指针传递，也可以数组传递（更直观一点，一眼看出来传的是数组）
void createTeacher(struct Teacher tArray[], int len,int snum)
{
	string nameSeed = "ABCDE";
	for (int i = 0; i < len; i++)
	{
		tArray[i].tname = "Teacher_";
		tArray[i].tname += nameSeed[i];
		for (int j = 0; j < snum; j++)
		{
			int score = rand() % 55 + 45;    //0+35=35 ~ 65+35=100    
			tArray[i].sArray[j].sname = "Student_";
			tArray[i].sArray[j].sname += nameSeed[j];
			tArray[i].sArray[j].score = score;
		}
	}
}

void printTeacher(struct Teacher tArray[],int len,int snum)
{
	for (int i = 0; i < len; i++)
	{
		cout << "教师：" << tArray[i].tname << endl;
		for (int j = 0; j < snum; j++)
		{
			cout << "\t学生姓名：" << tArray[i].sArray[j].sname;
			cout << " 成绩：" << tArray[i].sArray[j].score << endl;
		}
		cout << endl;
	}
}


int main()
{
	srand((unsigned int)time(NULL));

	//1.创建三个老师
	struct Teacher tArray[3];
	int len = sizeof(tArray) / sizeof(tArray[0]);

	//2.给三个老师赋值
	createTeacher(tArray, len,5);

	//3.显示成员
	printTeacher(tArray, len,5);

	return 0;
}