TCP编程API
1.socket()函数
#include <sys/types.h>
#include <sys/socket.h>
int socket(int domain, int type, int protocol);
1.1 参数:
1.domain:
AF_INET IPv4 Internet protocols ip(7)
AF_INET6 IPv6 Internet protocols ipv6(7)
AF_UNIX, AF_LOCAL Local communication unix(7)
AF_NETLINK Kernel user interface device netlink(7)
AF_PACKET Low level packet interface packet(7)
2.type:
SOCK_STREAM: 流式套接字 唯一对应于TCP
SOCK_DGRAM: 数据报套接字,唯一对应着UDP
SOCK_RAW: 原始套接字
3.protocol: 一般填0,原始套接字编程时需填充
1.2 返回值:
RETURN VALUE
On success, a file descriptor for the new socket is returned. On
error, -1 is returned, and errno is set appropriately.
成功时返回文件描述符,出错时返回为-1
2.bind()函数(绑定函数)
#include <sys/types.h>
#include <sys/socket.h>
int bind(int sockfd, const struct sockaddr *addr,socklen_t addrlen);
2.1 参数:
sockfd: 即socket描述字,它是通过socket()函数创建了,唯一标识一个socket。bind()函数就是将给这个描述字绑定一个名字(fd)。
addr: 一个const struct sockaddr *指针,指向要绑定给sockfd的协议地址。这个地址结构根据地址创建socket时的地址协议族的不同而不同,
如ipv4对应的是:
struct sockaddr_in {
sa_family_t sin_family; //iPv4地址族
in_port_t sin_port; //端口号
struct in_addr sin_addr; //IPV4地址
};
struct in_addr {
uint32_t s_addr;
};
ipv6对应的是:
struct sockaddr_in6 {
sa_family_t sin6_family; //iPv6地址族
in_port_t sin6_port; //端口号
uint32_t sin6_flowinfo; //IPV6 流信息
struct in6_addr sin6_addr; //IPV6地址
uint32_t sin6_scope_id; //区指数范围
};
struct in6_addr {
unsigned char s6_addr[16];
};
Unix域对应的是:
#define UNIX_PATH_MAX 108
struct sockaddr_un {
sa_family_t sun_family;
char sun_path[UNIX_PATH_MAX];
};
addrlen:对应的是地址的长度。
通常服务器在启动的时候都会绑定一个众所周知的地址(如ip地址+端口号),用于提供服务,客户就可以通过它来接连服务器;而客户端就不用指定,有系统自动分配一个端口号和自身的ip地址组合。这就是为什么通常服务器端在listen之前会调用bind(),而客户端就不会调用,而是在connect()时由系统随机生成一个。
RETURN VALUE
On success, zero is returned. On error, -1 is returned, and errno is set appropriately.
示例代码:
如果是IPV6的编程,要使用struct sockddr_in6结构体(详细情况请参考man 7 ipv6),通常更通用的方法可以通过struct sockaddr_storage来编程
3.listen()函数: 把主动套接字变成被动套接字
#include <sys/types.h>
#include <sys/socket.h>
int listen(int sockfd, int backlog);
参数:
sockfd: 通过socket()函数拿到的fd
backlog: 同时允许几路客户端和服务器进行正在连接的过程(正在三次握手)
一般填5, 测试得知,ARM最大为8
内核中服务器的套接字fd会维护2个链表:
1. 正在三次握手的的客户端链表(数量=2*backlog+1)
2.已经建立好连接的客户端链表(已经完成3次握手分配好了newfd)
比如:listen(fd, 5); //表示系统允许11(=2*5+1)个客户端同时进行三次握手
返回值:
RETURN VALUE
On success, zero is returned. On error, -1 is returned, and errno is set appropriately.
4.accept(): 阻塞等待客户端连接请求
#include <sys/types.h>
#include <sys/socket.h>
int accept(int sockfd, struct sockaddr *addr, socklen_t *addrlen);
4.1 参数:
sockfd: 经过前面socket()创建并通过bind(),listen()设置过的fd
addr和addrlen: 获取连接过来的客户的信息
4.2 返回值:
RETURN VALUE
On success, these system calls return a nonnegative integer that is a descriptor for the accepted socket. On
error, -1 is returned, and errno is set appropriately.
成功时返回已经建立好连接的新的newfd
5.客户端的连接函数 connect()
#include <sys/types.h>
#include <sys/socket.h>
int connect(int sockfd, const struct sockaddr *addr, socklen_t addrlen);
connect()函数和服务器的bind()函数写法类似:
5.1 参数:
sockfd: 通过socket()函数拿到的fd
addr: struct sockaddr的结构体变量的地址
addrlen: 地址长度
5.2 返回值:
RETURN VALUE
If the connection or binding succeeds, zero is returned. On error, -1
is returned, and errno is set appropriately.
示例 - 客户端和服务器基本功能实现(功能不完善,服务器不能进行并发服务,不能绑定在任意IP地址上)
// net.h
#ifndef __NET_H__
#define __NET_H__
#include <sys/types.h>
#include <sys/socket.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include <errno.h>
#include <string.h>
#include <unistd.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <netinet/in.h>
#include <netinet/ip.h>
#define SERV_PORT 5001
#define SERV_IP_ADDR "192.168.231.133" //该地址为自己电脑网络地址,可以通过ifconfig查询
#define BACKLOG 5
#define QUIT_STR "quit"
#endif
// client.c
#include "net.h"
int main(){
int fd = -1;
struct sockaddr_in sin;
/*1.创建socket fd*/
fd = socket(AF_INET, SOCK_STREAM, 0);
if(fd < 0){
perror("socket");
exit(1);
}
/*2.连接服务器*/
/*2.1 填充struct sockaddr_in结构体变量*/
bzero(&sin, sizeof(sin));//清空结构体
sin.sin_family = AF_INET;
sin.sin_port = htons(SERV_PORT);//网络字节序端口号
if(inet_pton(AF_INET, SERV_IP_ADDR, (void *)&sin.sin_addr) != 1){
perror("inet_pton");
exit(1);
}
/*2.2连接*/
if(connect(fd,(struct sockaddr *)&sin, sizeof(sin)) < 0){
perror("connect");
exit(1);
}
printf("Client staring...OK!\n");
/*3.读写*/
int ret = -1;
char buf[BUFSIZ];
while(1){
bzero(buf, BUFSIZ);
if(fgets(buf, BUFSIZ - 1, stdin) == NULL){
continue;
}
do{
ret = write(fd, buf, strlen(buf));
}while(ret < 0 && EINTR == errno);
if(!strncasecmp(buf, QUIT_STR, strlen(QUIT_STR))){ //用户输入了quit字符
printf("Client is exiting!\n");
break;
}
}
close(fd);
return 0;
}
// server.c
#include "net.h"
int main(){
int fd = -1;
struct sockaddr_in sin;
/*1.创建socket fd*/
fd = socket(AF_INET, SOCK_STREAM, 0);
if(fd < 0){
perror("socket");
exit(1);
}
/*2.绑定*/
/*2.1 填充struct sockaddr_in结构体变量*/
bzero(&sin, sizeof(sin));//清空结构体
sin.sin_family = AF_INET;
sin.sin_port = htons(SERV_PORT);//网络字节序端口号
if(inet_pton(AF_INET, SERV_IP_ADDR, (void *)&sin.sin_addr) != 1){
perror("inet_pton");
exit(1);
}
/*2.2绑定*/
if(bind(fd, (struct sockaddr *)&sin, sizeof(sin)) < 0){
perror("bind");
exit(1);
}
/*3.调用listen()把主动套接字变成被动套接字*/
if(listen(fd, BACKLOG) < 0){
perror("listen");
exit(1);
}
printf("Server starting..... OK!\n");
/*4.阻塞等待客户端连接请求*/
int newfd = -1;
newfd = accept(fd, NULL, NULL);
if(newfd < 0){
perror("accept");
exit(1);
}
/*5.读写*/
//和newfd进行数据读写
int ret = -1;
char buf[BUFSIZ];
while(1){
bzero(buf, BUFSIZ);
do{
ret = read(newfd, buf, BUFSIZ-1);
}while(ret < 0 && EINTR == errno);
if(ret < 0){
perror("read");
exit(1);
}
if(!ret) //对方已经关闭
break;
printf("Receive data:%s\n",buf);
if(!strncasecmp(buf, QUIT_STR, strlen(QUIT_STR))){ //用户输入了quit字符
printf("Client is exiting!\n");
break;
}
}
close(newfd);
close(fd);
return 0;
}
优化后的代码
Server:
优化1:让服务器程序能绑定在任意的IP上
优化2:通过程序获取刚建立连接的socket的客户端的IP地址和端口号
优化3:通过进程实现并发
优化4:允许绑定地址快速重用
Client:
更改1:连接server时 输入 ./client serv_ip serv_port
server.c
#include <pthread.h>
#include <signal.h>
#include "net.h"
void cli_data_handle (void *arg);
void sig_child_handle(int signo)
{
if(SIGCHLD == signo) {
waitpid(-1, NULL, WNOHANG);
}
}
int main (void)
{
int fd = -1;
struct sockaddr_in sin;
signal(SIGCHLD, sig_child_handle);
/* 1. 创建socket fd */
if ((fd = socket (AF_INET, SOCK_STREAM, 0)) < 0) {
perror ("socket");
exit (1);
}
/*优化4: 允许绑定地址快速重用 */
int b_reuse = 1;
setsockopt (fd, SOL_SOCKET, SO_REUSEADDR, &b_reuse, sizeof (int));
/*2. 绑定 */
/*2.1 填充struct sockaddr_in结构体变量 */
bzero (&sin, sizeof (sin));
sin.sin_family = AF_INET;
sin.sin_port = htons (SERV_PORT); //网络字节序的端口号
/*优化1: 让服务器程序能绑定在任意的IP上 */
#if 1
sin.sin_addr.s_addr = htonl (INADDR_ANY);
#else
if (inet_pton (AF_INET, SERV_IP_ADDR, (void *) &sin.sin_addr) != 1) {
perror ("inet_pton");
exit (1);
}
#endif
/*2.2 绑定 */
if (bind (fd, (struct sockaddr *) &sin, sizeof (sin)) < 0) {
perror ("bind");
exit (1);
}
/*3. 调用listen()把主动套接字变成被动套接字 */
if (listen (fd, BACKLOG) < 0) {
perror ("listen");
exit (1);
}
printf ("Server starting....OK!\n");
int newfd = -1;
/*4. 阻塞等待客户端连接请求 */
struct sockaddr_in cin;
socklen_t addrlen = sizeof (cin);
while(1) {
pid_t pid = -1;
if ((newfd = accept (fd, (struct sockaddr *) &cin, &addrlen)) < 0) {
perror ("accept");
break;
}
/*创建一个子进程用于处理已建立连接的客户的交互数据*/
if((pid = fork()) < 0) {
perror("fork");
break;
}
if(0 == pid) { //子进程中
close(fd);
char ipv4_addr[16];
if (!inet_ntop (AF_INET, (void *) &cin.sin_addr, ipv4_addr, sizeof (cin))) {
perror ("inet_ntop");
exit (1);
}
printf ("Clinet(%s:%d) is connected!\n", ipv4_addr, ntohs(cin.sin_port));
cli_data_handle(&newfd);
return 0;
} else { //实际上此处 pid >0, 父进程中
close(newfd);
}
}
close (fd);
return 0;
}
void cli_data_handle (void *arg)
{
int newfd = *(int *) arg;
printf ("Child handling process: newfd =%d\n", newfd);
//..和newfd进行数据读写
int ret = -1;
char buf[BUFSIZ];
while (1) {
bzero (buf, BUFSIZ);
do {
ret = read (newfd, buf, BUFSIZ - 1);
} while (ret < 0 && EINTR == errno);
if (ret < 0) {
perror ("read");
exit (1);
}
if (!ret) { //对方已经关闭
break;
}
printf ("Receive data: %s\n", buf);
if (!strncasecmp (buf, QUIT_STR, strlen (QUIT_STR))) { //用户输入了quit字符
printf ("Client(fd=%d) is exiting!\n", newfd);
break;
}
}
close (newfd);
}
client
/*./client serv_ip serv_port */
#include "net.h"
void usage (char *s)
{
printf ("\n%s serv_ip serv_port", s);
printf ("\n\t serv_ip: server ip address");
printf ("\n\t serv_port: server port(>5000)\n\n");
}
int main (int argc, char **argv)
{
int fd = -1;
int port = -1;
struct sockaddr_in sin;
if (argc != 3) {
usage (argv[0]);
exit (1);
}
/* 1. 创建socket fd */
if ((fd = socket (AF_INET, SOCK_STREAM, 0)) < 0) {
perror ("socket");
exit (1);
}
port = atoi (argv[2]);
if (port < 5000) {
usage (argv[0]);
exit (1);
}
/*2.连接服务器 */
/*2.1 填充struct sockaddr_in结构体变量 */
bzero (&sin, sizeof (sin));
sin.sin_family = AF_INET;
sin.sin_port = htons (port); //网络字节序的端口号
#if 0
sin.sin_addr.s_addr = inet_addr (SERV_IP_ADDR);
#else
if (inet_pton (AF_INET, argv[1], (void *) &sin.sin_addr) != 1) {
perror ("inet_pton");
exit (1);
}
#endif
if (connect (fd, (struct sockaddr *) &sin, sizeof (sin)) < 0) {
perror ("connect");
exit (1);
}
printf ("Client staring...OK!\n");
/*3. 读写数据 */
char buf[BUFSIZ];
int ret = -1;
while (1) {
bzero (buf, BUFSIZ);
if (fgets (buf, BUFSIZ - 1, stdin) == NULL) {
continue;
}
do {
ret = write (fd, buf, strlen (buf));
} while (ret < 0 && EINTR == errno);
if (!strncasecmp (buf, QUIT_STR, strlen (QUIT_STR))) { //用户输入了quit字符
printf ("Client is exiting!\n");
break;
}
}
/*4.关闭套接字 */
close (fd);
}