C++面向对象编程 -- 运算符重载

运算符重载

• 概念：对于已有的运算符重新进行定义，赋予其另一种功能，以适应不同的数据类型

加号运算符重载

• 作用：实现两个自定义数据类型相加的运算

//
// Created by NJUST'er'wang's on 2022/1/15.
//加号“+”运算符重载
#include <iostream>
#include <string>

using namespace std;

class Student {
    string name;
    float score;
    float sumScore;
public:
    void setName(string name) { this->name = name; }

    void setScore(float score) { this->score = score; }

    string getName() { return name; }

    float getScore() { return score; }

    float getSumScore() { return sumScore; }

    //成员函数重载“+”
//    Student operator+(Student &stu) {
//        Student s_temp;
//        s_temp.score = this->score + stu.score;
//        return s_temp;
//    }
};

//全局函数重载
Student operator+(Student &student1,Student &student2){
    Student s_temp;
    s_temp.setScore(student1.getScore() + student2.getScore());
    return s_temp;
}

void test01() {
    Student s1;
    s1.setScore(80);
    Student s2;
    s2.setScore(78);
    Student s3 = s1 + s2;
    cout << "Student s3's score is: " << s3.getScore() << endl;
}

void test02(){
    Student s1;
    s1.setScore(91);
    Student s2;
    s2.setScore(78);
    Student s3 = s1 + s2;
    cout << "Student s3's score is: " << s3.getScore() << endl;
}

int main() {
//    test01();
    test02();
    return 0;
}
/*
Student s3's score is: 169

*/

---

• 注意：
  ○ 对于内置的数据类型的表达式的运算符是不可能改变的；
  ○ 不要滥用运算符重载

---

左移运算符重载

//
// Created by NJUST'er'wang's on 2022/1/15.
//左移运算符重载
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;

class Test{
    int ID;
public:
    void setID(int ID) { this->ID = ID; }

    int getID() { return ID; }

    /* 成员函数返回重载运算符
     * 通常不会使用成员函数重载左移运算符
     * 因为不能实现cout在左侧
     * */
};

//全局函数重载左移运算符
ostream &operator<<(ostream &cout,Test &test){
    cout<<"The ID in Test is: "<<test.getID();
    return cout;    //此处为了是"<<"运算符能链式编程
}

void test01(){
    Test test;
    test.setID(01);
//    cout<<test.getID()<<endl;
    cout<<test<<endl;
}

int main()
{
    test01();
    return 0;
}
/*
The ID in Test is: 1

*/

---

递增运算符重载

//
// Created by NJUST'er'wang's on 2022/1/17.
//递增运算符重载
#include <iostream>

using namespace std;

class MyInteger {
    int num;
public:
    MyInteger() { num = 0; }

    void setNum(int num) { this->num = num; }

    int getNum() { return num; }

    /* 重载 ++ 运算符 */
    //前置++
    MyInteger &operator++() {   //返回引用是为了能够一直对一个数据进行自增操作
        this->num++;
        return *this;
    }

    //后置++
    MyInteger operator++(int) {//int代表占位参数，用以区分前置和后置++
        //记录结果
        MyInteger tmp = *this;
        //本身++
        this->num++;
        //返回记录的值
        return tmp;
    }
};

//重载左移（<<）运算符
ostream &operator<<(ostream &cout, MyInteger m) {
    cout << "The num is: " << m.getNum() << endl;
    return cout;
}

void test01() {
    MyInteger myInteger;
    cout << "前置++：" << ++myInteger;
}

void test02() {
    MyInteger m;
    cout << "后置++：" << m++ << endl;
    cout << "m++后：" << m << endl;
}

int main() {
    test01();
    test02();
    return 0;
}
/*
前置++：The num is: 1
后置++：The num is: 0

m++后：The num is: 1


*/

---

赋值运算符重载

• C++编译器至少给一个类添加四个函数
  ○ 默认构造函数（无参）
  ○ 默认析构函数（无参）
  ○ 默认拷贝构造函数，对属性值进行拷贝
  ○ 赋值运算符 operator= ,对属性进行值拷贝
• 如果类中有属性指向堆区，做赋值操作时也会出现深浅拷贝问题

//
// Created by NJUST'er'wang's on 2022/1/18.
//赋值运算符重载
#include <iostream>

using namespace std;

class Person {
    int *age;
public:
    Person(int age) { this->age = new int(age); }

    ~Person() {
        if (age != NULL) {
            delete age;
            age = NULL;
        }
    }

    //重载赋值运算符
    Person &operator=(Person &person) {
        //编译器提供的是浅拷贝
        //this->age = person.age;

        //应该先判断是否有属性在堆区，如果有先释放干净，然后再深拷贝
        if (this->age != NULL) {
            delete this->age;
            this->age = NULL;
        }
        //深拷贝
        this->age = new int(*person.age);
        return *this;
    }

    int *getAge() { return age; }
};

void test01() {
    Person p1(18);
    Person p2(20);
    Person p3(30);
    p3 = p2 = p1;
    cout << "p1的年龄为：" << *p1.getAge() << endl;
    cout << "p2的年龄为：" << *p2.getAge() << endl;
    cout << "p3的年龄为：" << *p3.getAge() << endl;
}

int main() {
    test01();
    return 0;
}
/*
p1的年龄为：18
p2的年龄为：18
p3的年龄为：18

*/

---

关系运算符重载

//
// Created by NJUST'er'wang's on 2022/1/18.
//关系运算符重载
#include <iostream>
#include <string>

using namespace std;

class Person {
    string name;
    int age;
public:
    Person(string name, int age) {
        this->name = name;
        this->age = age;
    }

    string getName() { return name; }

    int getAge() { return age; }

    //重载比较运算符
    bool operator==(Person &person) {
        if (this->name == person.getName() && this->age == person.getAge()) {
            return true;
        }
        return false;
    }
};

void test01() {
    Person p1("Whb", 7);
    Person p2("Gxy", 7);
    bool flag = (p1 == p2);
    if (flag) {
        cout << "p1和p2相等" << endl;
    } else {
        cout << "p1和p2不相等" << endl;
    }
}

int main() {
    test01();
    return 0;
}
/*
p1和p2不相等

*/

函数调用运算符重载

• 函数调用运算符（）可以重载；
• 由于重载后使用的方式非常像函数的调用，因此称为仿函数；
• 仿函数没有固定写法，非常灵活

//
// Created by NJUST'er'wang's on 2022/1/18.
//函数重载运算符
#include <iostream>
#include <string>

using namespace std;

class MyPrint {
public:
    //重载函数调用运算符
    void operator()(string test) {
        cout << test << endl;
    }
};

void myPrint2(string test) {
    cout << test << endl;
}

void test01() {
    MyPrint myPrint;
    cout << "运算符重载：" << endl;
    myPrint("Hello World!");
    /* 函数调用运算符
     * 由于使用起来非常像函数调用，因此称其为仿函数
     * 仿函数非常灵活，没有固定的写法
     * 匿名函数对象
     * */

    cout << "函数调用：" << endl;
    myPrint2("Hello World!");
}

int main() {
    test01();
    return 0;
}
/*
运算符重载：
Hello World!
函数调用：
Hello World!

*/