The English Instruction
Dump Truck
A dump truck or production truck is a truck used for transporting loose material(such as sand,gravel or dirt)for construction.A typical dump truck is equipped with a hydraulically operated open-box bed hinged at the rear,the front of which can be lifted up to allow the contents to be deposited on the ground behind the truck at the site of delivery.In the UK the term applies to off-road construction plant only and the road vehicle is known as a tipper.
Standard Dump Truck
A standard dump truck is a full truck chassis with a dump body mounted to the frame.The dump body is raised by a hydraulic ram mounted forward of the front bulkhead,between the truck cab(traction unit)and the dump body (semi-trailer).The tailgate can be configured to swing on hinges or it can be configured in the “High Lift Tailgate” format where in pneumatic rams lift the gate open and up above the dump body.
A standard dump truck has one front axle and one or more rear axles which typically have dual wheels on each side.Common configuration for a standard dump truck include the six wheeler which has one rear axle,the ten wheeler with two rear axles and the tri-axle with three rear axles.These are mainly found in inner cities and in the Deep South.
The short wheelbase of a standard dump truck makes it more maneuverable than the higher capacity semi-trailer dump trucks.
Off-road Dump Trucks
Off-road dump trucks more closely resemble heavy construction equipment or engineering vehicles than they do highway dump trucks.They are used strictly off-road for mining and heavy dirt hauling jobs.
The term ‘Dump’Truck is not generally used by the mining industry or by the manufactures that build these machines.The more appropriate US term for this strictly off road vehicle is ‘Haul’truck.The classification bottom and side for example,describing how the loaded material is discharged once loaded.In the case of the Haul truck illustrated,a Liebherr T 282B the load is discharged to the rear,designing this particular vehicle as an end dump.Bottom dump normally describes a trailer that discharges its load by opening two clam shell doors under the load space,in some examples several trailers(road train)are pulled by one truck mainly these are on road machines.The only remaining example of what is described as a unitized bottom dump coal hauler is manufactured by Kress Corporation.This large capacity truck is used for the transportation of coal from a loading device directly to a power station or bulk storage area.
Winter Service Vehicle
Many winter service vehicle units are based on dump trucks to allow the placement of ballast to weigh the truck down or to hold salt for spreading on the road.
Semi Trailer and Dump Truck
A semi end dump is a tractor-trailer combination where in the trailer itself contains the hydraulic hoist.A typical semi end dump has a 3-axle tractor pulling a 2-axle semi-trailer.The key advantage of a semi end dump is rapid unloading.A key disadvantage is that they are very unstable when raised in the dumping position limiting their use in many applications where the dumping location is uneven or off level.
Main Component Parts of Tractor Automobile
Both the tractor and the automobile are complex self-propelled machines consisting of separate interacting machanisms and units that can be combined into certain groups.
The arrangement of the main component parts of the tractor is shown in Fig.2.Irrespective of particular design features,all tractors consist of engine,drive line,running gear,steering mechanism,working attachments and auxiliary equipment.
The engine converts thermal energy into mechanical energy.
The drive line comprise a set of mechanisms which transmit the torque developed by the engine to the driving wheels or tracks and change the driving torque both in magnitude and direction,The drive line includes the cluth,flexible coupling,transmission and rear axle.
The cluth serves to disconnect the engine shaft from the transmission for a short period of time while the drivers is shifting gears and also to connect smoothly the flow of power from the engine to the driving wheels or tracks when starting the tractor from rest.
The flexible coupling incorporates elastic elements allowing connecting the cluth shaft and the transmission drive shaft with a slight misalignment
The transmission makes it possible to change the tractor by engaging different pairs of gears.With the direction of rotation of the engine shaft remaining the same,the transmission enables the tractor to be put in reverse.
The rear-axle mechanisms increase the driving torque and transmit it to the driving wheel or tracks at right angles to the drive shaft.In most tractors,the rear also comprises brakes.
In the wheeled tractor,as distinct from its crawler counterpart,the drive line includes the differential which enzbles the wheels to revolve with different speeds when making turns or running over ragged terrain at which time the lefthand and righthand wheels must travel different distance during one and the same time.
The steering mechanism serves to change the direction of movement of the tractor by turing its front wheels of by varying the speed of one of the tracks.
The working attachment of the tractor are used to utilize the useful power of the tractor engine for various farm tasks.They include the power take off shaft,drawbar,implement-attaching system and belt pulley.
The tractor auxiliaries include the driver’s cab with a spring-mounted seat and heating and ventilation equipment,hood,lighting equipment,tell tales horns etc.
The arrangement and purpose of the main component parts of the automobile are in principle the same as those of the wheeled tractor.In the automobile,the drive line,running gear,steering mechanism and brakeing system are referred to collectively as the chasis.The steering mechanism serves to change the direction of traveled the braking system to slow down the running speed of the automobile or to stop it.
The auxiliaries of the automobile include winch,cab heating and ventilation equipment,hitch bar,etc.
Control of The Tractor and The Automobile
Automobile Control
The automobile and its engine are controlled and the operation of their mechanisms monitored by means of controls and instrucments located in the cab fort of the driver’s seat.
To start the engine and control its operation,use is made of throttle pedal,radiator shutter control handle,choke button,ignition/starter switch and throttle hand lever.The ignition/start switch is operated by a key which may be placed in one of the following four positions:central position-all current consumers are switched off:first position clockwise-ignition is switched on;first position counter clock wise it is possible to actuate the horn,windshield wiper and heater blower with the ignition circuit switched off.
Before starting the engine,it is necessary to check the radiator coolant level,the engine crankcase oil level and the fule level in the fuel tank.
To start a warm engine,place gear shift lever in neutral and switch on ignition and the starter motor by turning the ignition key clockwise as far as it will go.
To start a cold engine,it is recommended to do the following.Pump up gasoline by using the fule pump hand primer,Close the carburetor choke by pulling chock button outward full distance,Place the gear shift lever in neutral.Disengage the floor,which will decrease drag on the engine and thus ease the operation of the starter motor for in this case the transmission gears will not revolve in thickensed oil during starting.Switch on ignition and the starter motor by turning the ignition key fully clockwise;limit the time the start motor is energized to 5 second.Once the engine has started,switch off the starter motor by releasing the ignition key,open the chock by pushing its button inward one-half its full stroke,increase some what the speed by slightly depressing accelerator pedal and then engage the clutch by releasing its pedal.An engine in good rapair usually can be easily started,if the engine has first or second attempt.In the case of a false start,wait at least 30 second before attempting another start.If the engine has failed to start after the third attempt,check the ignition and fule systems.If the trouble is with the start motor or if the battery is discharged,the engine can be cranked up by your hand.When cranking up ,don’t grasp the crank handle,but keep your fingers on its one side only,so that the hand may not get hurt if the wngine kicks back.
Before starting the engine in low-temperature conditions,shut off the oil cooler,fill the cooling system with hot water and the engine crankcase with hot oil or use the starting preheated.Prior to turning on the ignition switch,close the radiator shutter by pulling handle out ward full distance and crank the engine three to five revolutions with the crank handle.Then perform all the rest operations as recommended for starting the cold engine.
Automobile controls include clutch pedal,brake pedal,throttle pedal,steering wheel,gear shift lever and parking brake lever.
Before starting to drive,warm up the engine at a moderate speed until the coolant temperature reachs 60℃.As the engine gets warmer,gradually open the choke and decrease the engine speed with the choke fully open.Read the dashboard instruments to check on the operation of the engine.
To monitor the operation of engine and the automobile itself,use is made of the following instruments and indicator mounted on the instrument panel in front of the driver’s seat:temperature gauge and temperature warning lamp and oil pressure gauge.
Signaling is effected by means of horn button and turn signal switch handle downwards causes the left-hand side of the steering column.Turning the directional signal switch handle downwards causes the left-hand side and tail lights to flash,thus gibing indication of a left turn and turning it upwards actuates the right-hand side and tail lights to indicate a right turns.Whenever either of the turn signal light is switch on turn signal indicator lamp on the instrucment panel starts flashing.The turn signal lights are switched off automatically when the automobile is straightened after turning.
On the left-hand side of the cab floor there is dimmer switch which is used to switch over the head lights from high to low beam and vice versa.Main light switch has three position:1.all lights are off;2.side lights,license plate light,tail maker lights and instrument panel light are switched on;3.side lights,head lights,tail mark lights,instrument panel light and license plate light and license plate lights are switched on.
Mounted on the instrument panel are windshield wiper and heater blower switches blower are switched on by turning their respective switches clockwise.The wiper switch has three positions;off,slow and fast.That of the heater blower also has three position:off ,low air delivery and high air delivery.
Mounted under the instrucment panel are radiation shutter control handle and hood catch handle.Pulling back on handle will close the radiator shutter and pulling back on handle will release the hood catch.There are also two circuits.Breaker button,cowl ventilator handle and ventilator air intake control handle.With handle in the extreme left-hand position,the cowl ventilator is fully open and with the handle in the extreme right-hand position,the air intake door is fully open and when the handle is in the extreme right-hand position,it is fully closed.
The Drive Shaft
1.The last component in the drive train is the axle in a rear wheel drive car the axle is in the rear.Engine power is transmitted from the transmission to the axle via the drive shaft.The drive shaft is basically a metal tuber with joints on each end called universal joints.These joints allow the tube to move in relation to the suspension and keep powers flowing to the real.In fro-
nt wheel drive cars the axle is integrated into the transmission thus the term transaxle.
- The drive shaft or propeller shaft,connects the transmission output shaft to the differential pinion shaft.Since all roads are not perfectly smooth and the transmission is fixed,the drive shaft has to be flexible to absorb the shock of bumps on the road.Universal or “U-joints”allow the drive shaft to flex(and stop it from breaking)when the drive angle changes.
- Drive shafts are usually hollow in order to weigh less,but of a large diameter so that they are strong.High quality steel and sometimes aluminum are used in the manufacture of the drive shaft.The shaft must be quite straight and balanced to avoid vibrating.Since it usually turns at engine speeds,a lot of damage can be caused if the shaft is unbalanaced or bent.Damage can also be caused if the U-joints are worn out.
Hydraulic Steering System
Most power steering systems work by using a hydraulic system to rotate the vehicle’s wheel.The hydraulic pressure is usually provided by a gerotor or rotary vane pump driven by the vehicle’s engine.A double-acting hydraulic cylinder applies a force to the steering mechanism,which in turn applies a torque to the wheels.The flow to the cylinder is countrolled by valves by the steering wheel.There are several common valve.This is done so that the position of the steering wheel corresponds to the position of the vehicle’s wheels.As the pumps employed are of the positive displacement type,the flow rate they deliver is directly proportional to the speed of the engine. This means that at high engine speeds the steering would naturally operate faster than at low engine speeds .Because this would be undersirable,a restricting orifice and flow control valve are used to direct some of the pump’s output back to the hydraulic reservoir at high engine speeds.A pressure when the hydraulic cylinder’s piston reaches the end of the cylinder.
Some modern implementations also include an electronic pressure relief valve which can reduce the hydraulic pressure in the power steering lines as the vehicle’s speed increase(this is known as variable assist power steering).
英文翻译
自卸汽车
一辆自卸车或者生产用自卸车是用来运输建筑用的散料（例如：沙、砾石和垃圾）的汽车。专用自卸车要求后面有液压倾斜的货箱，它的前部可以被举起让货物堆放在送货的汽车后面。在英国，这种汽车只允许在非公路场地用，并且公路车被认为是自卸车。
标准自卸车
标准自卸车是在车架上安装了自卸车箱的整车底盘。车厢被安装在舱壁前面的液压缸举起，液压缸位于驾驶室（牵引单元）和车厢（挂车）之间。标准的自卸车有一个前桥、一个或者更多每边都有双后轮的典型后桥，两个后桥十个车轮，并且四车轴有三个后桥。这些主要在中部城市和南方见到。
短轴距的标准自卸车比更高的储存容量半挂车自卸车更具机动性。
非公路自卸车
非公路自卸车比公路用车更接近与建设设备或工程汽车。它们被严格要求运用于采矿和非公路的重型场合。
自卸车并不经常被用于采矿业和建筑业。在大部分的美国，这种严格意义上的非公路汽车是转运卡车，例如它典型的地步和侧面，介绍了当被装上后的材料是如何被卸载的。在转运卡车的车厢的说明里，利勃海尔T282b货车货物时卸载到后方的，指定这个特别的车辆作为年转运卡车。有一些例子，几个拖车（公路列车）是由一辆在道路上行走的卡车牵引。剩下的唯一的例子是被形容为组合煤车hauler是由kress公司制造的。这个大容量的卡车是用来从一个加载装置直接向电力站或散装储存区运输煤炭的。
冬季服务自卸车
许多冬季服务车辆单位的基础是自卸卡车，通过布置压载物来增加卡车的重量或将盐散布在道路上。
半挂车和自卸车
一个半挂自卸车是一个拖拉机与挂车的组合，其中拖车本身包含液压启闭机。一个典型的半挂自卸车有一个3轴拖拉机牵引2轴半挂车。关键的优势是一个半挂自卸车可快速的卸载。一个关键的缺点是它们在倾卸货物时很不稳定，这限制了它在许多场合的应用，如倾卸的场地是不平的。
拖拉机和汽车都是复杂的自动行走机器，它由不同的相互作用的机械装置和设备组成，从而形成一定的组合，拖拉机主要由以下部分组成，不考虑专门的设计特征，所有的拖拉机是由发动机，驱动机构，汽车传动，转向和悬架装置机构，转向装置，工作附件，辅助设备。
发动机使热能转变为机械能。
驱动机构由一套机械装置组成，它们能传递由发动机曲轴输出的扭矩并能在大小和方向上改变转动扭矩。驱动机构包括离合器、柔性连机器、变速器和后轮轴。
离合器的作用是使当司机换挡时使发动机曲轴短时间内脱离变速器，同时也是在启动拖拉机是自如的将能量从发动机传到驱动轮上。
柔性联轴节把弹性元件离合器轴和功率传动轴连接在一起，并允许它们有轻微的同轴度。
变速器通过啮合多对齿轮来改变驱动扭矩和拖拉机的行驶速度，为了发动机曲轴方向自动保持一致，变速器能帮助拖拉机倒车。后轮装置可以提高行驶扭矩并能以合适的角度改变扭矩，在大多数的拖拉机中，后驱动桥由制动器组成，高速拖拉机与低速拖拉机的区别是驱动机构，包括差速器，能使车轮在转弯时或崎岖的山路上以不同的角速度转动。在一定的时间或相同的时间内左右车轮可以行驶不同的距离。
汽车的运转，转向和悬架机构是拖拉机行走的需要，车轮的转动与地面有关。
转向装置用于通过转变前轮或改变速度从而改变拖拉机的转动方向。
工作附件是利用拖拉机的发动机的可用能量来完成不同的农业工作，它们包括动力输出轴、拉杆、推动装置和皮带轮。
拖拉机的辅助系统包括驾驶室的弹性座椅和加热通风装置、发动机罩、点火装置、方向指示器、喇叭等。
汽车主要组成部分的布置和目的在理论上与转动拖拉机的安排在道理上是一样的，在汽车上，汽车的传动机构，驱动机构，汽车的传动，转向，悬架机构是用于改变行驶和制动的方向，放慢行驶中的汽车速度直至汽车停下为止。
汽车的辅助装置包括绞车盘，驾驶室、加热和通风装置、牵引杆等。
汽车和拖拉机的控制
汽车的控制汽车和它的发动机的控制和对这些装置的操作受到驾驶室前面的一些控制件和部件的监控。
为了启动发动机并控制其旋转，需要用节流操作踏板、散热器百叶窗控制手柄、阻风门按钮、点火开关和节气门操纵拉杆。点火开关由位于以下四个位置的任何一个开关，中间位置——所有的电流消耗被关闭，第一个位置也是点火开关，同样第二个位置可以打开点火开关和开启电动机，第一个开关可以按响小喇叭，擦挡风玻璃，同时关闭加热器和鼓风机的加热系统。
在启动发动机前，有必要检查指示器里油液的多少，发动机曲轴箱机油的多少和燃油箱里燃油的多少。
要启动一个热的发动机请把换挡杆至于中间的位置，并打开点火开关，并启动气动马达以使发动机运转起来。
要启动一台冷的发动机，建议按如下操作进行：通过启动液压泵提高汽油压力，把阻风门按钮拨到关闭阻风门，把换挡杆置中，通过踩离合器，将离合器踩至驾驶室地面，这样就可以减小离合器的阻力，从而以便于启动发动机，因为在这种情况下，变速器不会在变浓的机油里搅动。打开点火开关，启动电动机和发动机，限制启动发动机的时间持续五秒,如果发动机被开启，通过松开点火开关即可关闭发动机，通过推阻风门按钮打开阻风门，轻轻踩下加速器踏板在一定程度上能加快发动机的转速，同时逐渐放开离合器踏板时离合器结合。一台状态良好的发动机在一两次的尝试下很容易就能启动。如果启动失败，请在另一次启动前至少等待30秒。如果再试一次仍然无法启动，请检查点火装置和供油系统，如果问题出现在启动器或电池组上，可以采用手柄的一边，这样如果发动机反转就不会受伤。
在低温状态下，启动发动机前请关闭冷却器，用热水灌满冷却装置是发动机机油箱充满热的机油或者使用启动预热装置，在打开点火开关之前请关闭散热器百叶窗，然后按以下建议打开其余的装置。
汽车的控制包括离合器踏板、制动器踏板、节流操作踏板、方向盘、换挡杆和驻车制动杆。
在开始驾驶之前，请以适当的转速加热发动机直至冷却液温度达到60℃，随着发动机的变热，随着阻风门的全部打开，逐步打开阻风门并降低发动机的转速，请阅读仪表盘仪器以检测发动机的运行情况。
为了检测发动机的运转和汽车自身，常使用被安装在驾驶员座椅前仪表板上的设备和仪表:温度计、温度警告灯、燃油油量计、速度计、燃油压力警告灯、电流表、燃油压力计。
信号是由拨动开关和安装在转向柱左边的信号开关产生的。向下转动转向信号开关左转向灯和车后灯就闪烁起来，这样指示将要向左转弯。并且向上转动使得右边的灯和车后灯指示右转弯，不管任何时候开启任何一个转向信号灯，安装在仪表板上的转向信号指示灯都将闪烁。当汽车转弯后直线行驶时转向信号灯自动关闭。
在汽车地板的左边有脚dimmer开关，它是用来从高到底开启顶部的灯beam and vice versa 主灯开关有三个位置：1.所以的灯都关 2.边灯、方向盘灯、后车标灯和仪表板灯都亮 3.边灯、头顶灯、后车标灯、仪表盘灯和驾驶方向盘灯都灭。
安装在仪表盘上的挡风玻璃雨刮器和除霜吹风机开关都可以通过顺时针拨动各自的开关来开启。雨刮器开关有三个位置：关、小流量、和大流量。
安装在仪表盘下面的是散热器百叶窗开关控制手柄和车篷手柄。往后拉动手柄可以关上散热器百叶窗，拉回手柄可以释放车篷。它们同样有两条回路。当手柄到达左边最大位置时进气通风口全开，到达右边最大位置时全闭。当手柄在左边最大位置时进气是全开的，当手柄在右边最大位置时进气门全闭。
- 在后轮驱动的汽车上传动系的最后部件是后驱动桥。发动机功率传递，通过传动轴从变速器传输到后桥。该传动轴基本上是一个两端都有万向节的金属管。这些万向节，使金属管可以和悬架随动和保持转矩不断地流向后桥。在前轮驱动的汽车中传动轴被集成到了变速器，这样组成了传动系。
- 传动轴或万向传动轴，连接变速器输出轴到差速器输入轴。因为所有的道路都不能完全平顺，并且变速器是固定的，传动轴必须做成弹性的以吸收坎坷道路引起的震动。一般，当传动角变化时“u型接头”允许传动轴弯曲。
- 传动轴通常是中空的，目的是减轻重量，但一个大的直径，以便他们有足够的强度。高优质钢，有时候铝都可以用于制造传动轴。传动轴必须有很高的直线度和动平衡度，以避免震动。因为它通常是轮流在发动机速度，如果轴不平衡或弯曲，都可以引起很多的危害，如果u型连接已磨损将引起危害。
液压转向系统
大多数的动力转向系统是用液压系统来转动汽车的轮子的。油液压力通常由一个由发动机驱动的活塞泵或者旋转叶片泵来提供。一个双向液压活塞向转向机构提供压力，转向机构轮流向车轮提供转矩。液体的流量由方向盘操作来控制。有几种普通阀虽然较复杂，但是它们都允许转向轮转动比开启一个简单的必要的阀容易。这样可以使转向轮的位置对应汽车车轮的位置。随着泵的作用轮胎发生位移，流量直接正比于发动机的转速。这就意味着在发动机高速时需要一个限流阀和流量控制阀被用来引导一部分泵的输出返回到油液泵。一个泄压阀也被用来防止当液压缸活塞到达活塞缸顶部室所建立的压力引起的危险。
一些现代的调压阀也包含一个电子泄压阀，这个电子泄压阀可以减小动力转向系在发动机转速上升时油液的压力（这就是我们众所周知的可调式动力转向）。
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