微分算子法求解二阶常系数线性非齐次方程特解

微分算子法求解二阶常系数线性非齐次方程特解

前置

1. $D$代表求导 $DX=1$
2. $\frac{1}{D}$代表积分 $\frac{1}{D}2x=x^2$

第一种

$f(x)=e^{kx}$

将式子中的D换为k值代入，一般会出现两种情况

分母不为0

$$\begin{gathered} y^{\prime \prime }-4y^{\prime }+3y=2e^{2x} \\ 将D=2代入 \\ y\ast =\frac{1}{D^2-4D+3}2e^{2x} \\ y\ast =-2e^{2x} \end{gathered}$$

分母为0

提x对分母求导
$$\begin{gathered} y^{\prime \prime }+4y^{\prime }+4y=2e^{-2x} \\ 将D=-2代入,代入发现分母为空,则提取x对分母求导 \\ y\ast =\frac{1}{D^2+4D+4}{e}^{-2x} \\ 发现代入还是0,则继续上面的操作,直到分母变为常数 \\ y\ast =x\frac{1}{2D+4}{e}^{-2x} \\ y\ast =\frac{x^2}{2}{e}^{-2x} \end{gathered}$$

第二种

$f(x)=\sin ax/\cos ax$

将$D^2$换为($-a^2$)

题1
$$\begin{gathered} y^{\prime \prime }-y=\sin x \\ y\ast =\frac{1}{D^2-1}\sin x将D^2=-1代入 \\ y\ast =-\frac{1}{2}\sin x \end{gathered}$$
题2
$$\begin{gathered} y^{\prime \prime }+4y=\cos 2x \\ y\ast =\frac{1}{D^2+4}\cos 2x代入发现为0,则提取x求导 \\ y\ast =x\frac{1}{2D}\cos 2x提取常数,出现\frac{1}{D}对\cos 2x进行积分 \\ y\ast =\frac{x}{4}\sin 2x \end{gathered}$$
题3

$$\begin{gathered} y^{\prime \prime }-6y^{\prime }+9y=\cos x \\ y\ast =\frac{1}{D^2-6D+9}\cos x先将符合条件的部分进行替换 \\ y\ast =\frac{1}{8-6D}\cos x对于下面要凑出D^2,可以使用平方差公式 \\ y\ast =\frac{8-6D}{64-36D^2}\cos x代入D^2=-1 \\ y\ast =\frac{1}{100}(8+6D)\cos xD\cos x=-\sin x \\ y\ast =\frac{1}{100}(8\cos x-6\sin x) \end{gathered}$$

第三种

$f(x)=P_n(x)$

将微分算子的分式化为等比数列求和公式的形式$\frac{a}{1-q}$ 首相a公比q，之后展开到将里$P_n(x)$面的未知数消除的项数

题1
$$\begin{gathered} y^{\prime \prime }+y=-2x \\ y\ast =\frac{1}{D^2+1}(-2x)转换为等比求和型式 \\ y\ast =\frac{1}{1-(-D^2)}(-2x)此时首相为a=1,q=-D^2 \\ y\ast =(1-D^2)(-2x)展开项到求导参数消失 \\ y\ast =-2x \end{gathered}$$
题2
$$\begin{gathered} y^{\prime \prime }+y^{\prime }=x^2 \\ y\ast =\frac{1}{D^2+D}{x}^2 \\ y\ast =\frac{1}{D}\frac{1}{1-(-D)}{x}^2首相a=1,公比q=-D \\ y\ast =\frac{1}{D}(1-D+D^2)x^2 \\ y\ast =\frac{1}{D}(x^2-2x+2) \\ y\ast =\frac{1}{3}{x}^3-x^2+2x \end{gathered}$$

题3
$$\begin{gathered} y^{\prime \prime }+3y^{\prime }+2y=x^2+1 \\ y\ast =\frac{1}{D^2+3D+2}(x^2+1) \\ y\ast =(\frac{\frac{1}{2}}{1-\frac{1}{2}(-D^2-3D)}) \\ y\ast =(\frac{1}{2}-\frac{1}{4}(D^2+3D)+\frac{1}{8}(D^2+3D{)}^2)(x^2+1) \\ y\ast =\frac{x^2}{2}-\frac{3x}{2}+\frac{9}{4} \end{gathered}$$

第四种

$f(x)=e^{kx}y(x)$

先把$e^{kx}$移到左边同时将D=D+k代入

题1
$$\begin{gathered} y^{\prime \prime }-3y^{\prime }+2y=e^{-x}\cos x+2x{e}^x \\ y\ast =\frac{1}{D^2-3D+2}(e^{-x}\cos x+2x{e}^x) \\ y\ast =e^{-x}\frac{1}{(D-1{)}^2-3(D-1)+2}\cos x+e^x\frac{1}{(D+1{)}^2-3(D+1)+2}2x \\ y\ast =\frac{e^{-x}}{10}(\cos x-\sin x)-e^x(x^2+2x) \end{gathered}$$