当然,以下是一些SQL查询的示例,包括注释来解释每个步骤:
### 基础问题答案
1. **检索所有记录**:
```sql
-- 选择employees表中的所有列
SELECT * FROM employees;
```
2. **使用WHERE子句过滤**:
```sql
-- 选择salary大于50000的所有employees记录
SELECT * FROM employees WHERE salary > 50000;
```
3. **ORDER BY排序**:
```sql
-- 选择所有employees记录并按salary降序排序
SELECT * FROM employees ORDER BY salary DESC;
```
4. **插入新记录**:
```sql
-- 向products表中插入一个新的产品记录
INSERT INTO products (product_name, product_price)
VALUES ('Laptop', 999.99);
```
5. **更新现有记录**:
```sql
-- 更新employees表中department为'Sales'的所有记录,将salary增加10%
UPDATE employees
SET salary = salary * 1.1
WHERE department = 'Sales';
```
### 高级问题答案
11. **ACID属性**:
- 面试中解释每个属性的含义。
14. **存储过程例子**(MySQL):
```sql
-- 创建一个存储过程,根据给定的employee_id返回员工的姓名和工资
CREATE PROCEDURE GetEmployeeSalary (IN emp_id INT)
BEGIN
SELECT first_name, last_name, salary FROM employees WHERE employee_id = emp_id;
END
```
15. **外键约束**:
```sql
-- 创建orders表,并设置外键约束,引用customers表的customer_id
CREATE TABLE orders (
order_id INT PRIMARY KEY,
customer_id INT,
order_date DATE,
FOREIGN KEY (customer_id) REFERENCES customers(customer_id)
);
```
18. **SQL注入攻击**:
- 面试中解释如何通过参数化查询和输入验证来防止SQL注入。
20. **事务确保数据一致性**:
```sql
-- 开启一个新的事务
START TRANSACTION;
-- 从账户1减去100
UPDATE accounts SET balance = balance - 100 WHERE account_id = 1;
-- 向账户2增加100
UPDATE accounts SET balance = balance + 100 WHERE account_id = 2;
-- 如果上述两个UPDATE语句都执行了,则提交事务
IF (SELECT ROW_COUNT()) THEN
COMMIT;
ELSE
-- 如果没有执行,则回滚事务
ROLLBACK;
END IF;
```
### 情景题答案
21. **总销售额最高的产品**:
```sql
-- 计算每个产品的销售总额,并选择最高的一个
SELECT product_id, SUM(quantity * price) AS total_sales
FROM sales
GROUP BY product_id
ORDER BY total_sales DESC
LIMIT 1;
```
24. **每个季度销售额增长最多的产品**:
```sql
-- 使用CTE (公用表表达式) 来计算每个产品每季度的销售总额
WITH QuarterlySales AS (
SELECT product_id, SUM(quantity * price) AS sales,
EXTRACT(QUARTER FROM sale_date) AS quarter
FROM sales
GROUP BY product_id, quarter
)
-- 计算相邻季度的销售额差异,并选择增长最大的产品
SELECT product_id, (Q2.sales - Q1.sales) AS sales_growth
FROM QuarterlySales Q2
INNER JOIN QuarterlySales Q1
ON Q2.product_id = Q1.product_id AND Q2.quarter = Q1.quarter + 1
ORDER BY sales_growth DESC
LIMIT 1;
```
### 编码题答案
26. **平均薪资高于公司整体平均薪资的部门**:
```sql
-- 计算每个部门的平均薪资,并与公司整体平均薪资比较
SELECT department, AVG(salary) AS avg_salary
FROM employees
GROUP BY department
HAVING AVG(salary) > (SELECT AVG(salary) FROM employees);
```
27. **最近30天内没有任何订单的用户**:
```sql
-- 选择那些在最近30天内没有订单的客户
SELECT customers.customer_id, customers.customer_name
FROM customers
LEFT JOIN orders ON customers.customer_id = orders.customer_id
AND orders.order_date > CURRENT_DATE - INTERVAL '30 days'
WHERE orders.order_id IS NULL;
```
请注意,这些查询可能需要根据你的数据库结构和SQL方言进行调整。在实际的面试中,你可能还需要解释你的逻辑和优化决策。