关于C++基类指针指向子类对象可能出现的问题

关于C++基类指针指向子类对象可能出现的问题

问题描述

非第一个基类指针指向子类对象，成员函数都不使用虚函数的情况下，直接delete非第一个基类指针，会因有内存偏移而找不到内存块信息而出现致命错误。

示例代码如下：

#include<iostream>
using namespace std;
class Base1{
public:
    Base1(){
        cout << "Base1::Base1()" << endl;
    }
    /*virtual*/ ~Base1(){
        cout << "~Base1::Base1()" << endl;
    }
private:
    int m_elem;
};


class Base2{
public:
    Base2(){
        cout << "Base2::Base2()" << endl;
    }
    /*virtual*/  ~Base2(){
        cout << "~Base2::Base2()" << endl;
    }
    /*virtual*/ void show(){
    
    }
private:
    int m_elem;
};

class Derive : public Base1, public Base2{
public:
    Derive(){
        cout << "Derive::Derive()"<<endl;
    }
    ~Derive(){
        cout << "~Derive::Derive()"<<endl;
    }
private:
    int m_d;
};


int main(){
    Base1* pb1 = nullptr;
    Base2* pb2 = nullptr;
    Derive* pd = new Derive();
    pb1 = (Base1*)pd;
    pb2 = (Base2*)pd;
    cout << pd << "---" << pb1 << "---" << pb2 << "---" << (Derive*)pb2  << "---" << (Derive*)((void*)pb2)<< endl;
    delete pb2;
    return 0;
}

结果如下：

解决方案：

将Base2的show函数或者析构函数变成虚函数即可(一定要将Base2中的某一个或多个函数变成虚函数，只虚化Base1类中的函数无效！！！)，在工程实践中，一般是将析构函数变成虚函数。

原因可能是在有虚函数的继承体系中，由于释放的父类指针，是指向子类对象，会导致运行时类型识别机制自动查询继承表，最终将父类指针转换成真正的子类对象的地址，再释放。

示例代码如下：

#include<iostream>
using namespace std;
class Base1{
public:
    Base1(){
        cout << "Base1::Base1()" << endl;
    }
    /*virtual*/ ~Base1(){
        cout << "~Base1::Base1()" << endl;
    }
private:
    int m_elem;
};


class Base2{
public:
    Base2(){
        cout << "Base2::Base2()" << endl;
    }
    virtual  ~Base2(){
        cout << "~Base2::Base2()" << endl;
    }
    /*virtual*/ void show(){
    
    }
private:
    int m_elem;
};

class Derive : public Base1, public Base2{
public:
    Derive(){
        cout << "Derive::Derive()"<<endl;
    }
    ~Derive(){
        cout << "~Derive::Derive()"<<endl;
    }
private:
    int m_d;
};


int main(){
    Base1* pb1 = nullptr;
    Base2* pb2 = nullptr;
    Derive* pd = new Derive();
    pb1 = (Base1*)pd;
    pb2 = (Base2*)pd;
    cout << pd << "---" << pb1 << "---" << pb2 << "---" << (Derive*)pb2  << "---" << (Derive*)((void*)pb2)<< endl;
    delete pb2;
    return 0;
}

结果如下：

推荐一篇讲得比较深入的C++内存继承体系的结构的文章如下：https://www.cnblogs.com/QG-whz/p/4909359.html