夹逼定理
设 a n , b n , c n {a_n},{b_n},{c_n} an,bn,cn 为三个序列，并且存在一个自然数 N 0 N_0 N0 ,使得 c n ≤ a n ≤ b n , ∀ n ≥ N 0 {c_n}\leq{a_n}\leq{b_n},\forall n \geq N_0 cn≤an≤bn,∀n≥N0。 若 b n {b_n} bn和 c n {c_n} cn都有极限存在，并都等于 l l l，则 a n {a_n} an的极限存在，并且也等于 l l l。
这个定理的内容，顾名思义，相信各位都可以很好的理解。现在废话不多说，下面给出几个例题来展示夹逼定理的应用。
1.求
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\lim_{n \to +\infty}(\frac1{\sqrt {{n^2}+1}}+\frac1{\sqrt {{n^2}+2}}+······+\frac1{\sqrt {{n^2}+n}})
limn→+∞(n2+11+n2+21+⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅+n2+n1)
哦对了，忘了说，在求极限的时候，我们有一个极限的四则运算法则，现暂不说明。就本题而言，和式里每一项都是无穷小量，并且不是有限个，故四则运算法则无效。这时候我们就需要考虑从另一个角度去处理该问题：我们可不可以通过放缩，将整个和式恰当的放大和缩小，再运用夹逼定理从侧面去求解其极限呢？显然是可以的，具体操作如下：
由于
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\frac n{\sqrt {{n^2}+n}} \leq \frac1{\sqrt {{n^2}+1}}+\frac1{\sqrt {{n^2}+2}}+······+\frac1{\sqrt {{n^2}+n}} \leq\frac n{\sqrt {{n^2}+1}}
n2+nn≤n2+11+n2+21+⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅+n2+n1≤n2+1n
且
且
且
lim
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lim
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\lim_{n \to +\infty} \frac n{\sqrt {{n^2}+n} } = \lim_{n \to +\infty} \frac 1{\sqrt {1+\frac 1n}}=1
limn→+∞n2+nn=limn→+∞1+n11=1
（这里简单说明下，由于
lim
n
→
+
∞
n
n
2
+
n
\lim_{n \to +\infty} \frac n{\sqrt {{n^2}+n}}
limn→+∞n2+nn属于
∞
∞
\frac \infty\infty
∞∞ 极限，故我们需要先约去趋于
∞
\infty
∞的公因子方可运用四则运算法则，也即先将
n
n
2
+
n
\frac n{\sqrt {{n^2}+n}}
n2+nn变成
1
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n
\frac 1{\sqrt {1+\frac 1n}}
1+n11）。
lim
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∞
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lim
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\lim_{n \to +\infty} \frac n{\sqrt {{n^2}+1}}=\lim_{n \to +\infty} \frac 1{\sqrt {1+\frac 1{n^2}}}=1
limn→+∞n2+1n=limn→+∞1+n211=1，
所以由夹逼定理可知
lim
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∞
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\lim_{n \to +\infty}(\frac1{\sqrt {{n^2}+1}}+\frac1{\sqrt {{n^2}+2}}+······+\frac1{\sqrt {{n^2}+n}})=1
limn→+∞(n2+11+n2+21+⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅+n2+n1)=1
2.求 lim n → + ∞ ( 1 n 2 + n + 1 + 1 n 2 + n + 2 + ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ + 1 n 2 + n + n ) \lim_{n \to +\infty}(\frac1{{n^2}+n+1}+\frac1{{n^2}+n+2}+······+\frac1{{n^2}+n+n}) limn→+∞(n2+n+11+n2+n+21+⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅+n2+n+n1)仿照上题，由于
1 n 2 + n + n ⋅ ∑ k = 1 n k ≤ 1 n 2 + n + 1 + 1 n 2 + n + 2 + ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ + 1 n 2 + n + n ≤ 1 n 2 + n + 1 ⋅ ∑ k = 1 n k \frac1{{n^2}+n+n} \cdot \sum_{k=1}^{n}k \leq \frac1{{n^2}+n+1}+\frac1{{n^2}+n+2}+······+\frac1{{n^2}+n+n} \leq\frac1{{n^2}+n+1}\cdot \sum_{k=1}^{n}k n2+n+n1⋅∑k=1nk≤n2+n+11+n2+n+21+⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅+n2+n+n1≤n2+n+11⋅∑k=1nk
且 lim n → + ∞ ( 1 n 2 + n + n ⋅ ∑ k = 1 n k ) = lim n → + ∞ n + 1 2 ( n + 2 ) = lim n → + ∞ 1 2 ( 1 + 1 n + 1 ) = 1 2 \lim_{n \to +\infty} (\frac1{{n^2}+n+n}\cdot \sum_{k=1}^{n}k)=\lim_{n \to +\infty} \frac{n+1}{2(n+2)}=\lim_{n \to +\infty} \frac1{2(1+\frac 1{n+1})}=\frac 12 limn→+∞(n2+n+n1⋅∑k=1nk)=limn→+∞2(n+2)n+1=limn→+∞2(1+n+11)1=21
lim n → + ∞ ( 1 n 2 + n + 1 ⋅ ∑ k = 1 n k ) = lim n → + ∞ n 2 + n 2 ( n 2 + n + 1 ) = 1 2 \lim_{n \to +\infty}(\frac1{{n^2}+n+1}\cdot \sum_{k=1}^{n}k) =\lim_{n \to +\infty}\frac{{n^2}+n}{2({n^2}+n+1)}=\frac12 limn→+∞(n2+n+11⋅∑k=1nk)=limn→+∞2(n2+n+1)n2+n=21
(这里简单说明下， lim n → + ∞ a n k + a 1 n k − 1 + ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ + a k b n k + b 1 n k − 1 + ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ + b k = a b ( a b ≠ 0 ) \lim_{n \to +\infty} \frac {an^k+a_1n^{k-1}+······+a_k}{bn^k+b_1n^{k-1}+······+b_k}=\frac ab(ab\neq0) limn→+∞bnk+b1nk−1+⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅+bkank+a1nk−1+⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅+ak=ba(ab=0))
所以由夹逼定理可知 lim n → + ∞ ( 1 n 2 + n + 1 + 1 n 2 + n + 2 + ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ + 1 n 2 + n + n ) = 1 2 \lim_{n \to +\infty}(\frac1{{n^2}+n+1}+\frac1{{n^2}+n+2}+······+\frac1{{n^2}+n+n})=\frac 12 limn→+∞(n2+n+11+n2+n+21+⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅+n2+n+n1)=21
本题在放缩的时候，也可以是 1 ( n + 1 ) 2 ⋅ ∑ k = 1 n k ≤ 1 n 2 + n + 1 + 1 n 2 + n + 2 + ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ + 1 n 2 + n + n ≤ 1 n 2 ⋅ ∑ k = 1 n k \frac1{(n+1)^2}\cdot\sum_{k=1}^{n}k \leq \frac1{{n^2}+n+1}+\frac1{{n^2}+n+2}+······+\frac1{{n^2}+n+n} \leq \frac 1{n^2}\cdot \sum_{k=1}^{n}k (n+1)21⋅∑k=1nk≤n2+n+11+n2+n+21+⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅+n2+n+n1≤n21⋅∑k=1nk
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